Cognate Set 1118 – Meaning: cold

	Language	Lexeme	Native script	Phonetic	Phonemic	Notes
98	Belarusian	halodny	халодны	xɑ̈ˈɫɔdnɨ	xoˈlodni
97	Russian	holodnyj	холодный	xɐˈɫɔdnəj	xoˈlodnij
83	Serbo-Croat	hladan		ˈxɫɑ̈̌ːdɑ̈n	ˈxlǎːdan	An alternative lexeme is 'studen', it means, however, 'very cold, icy'.
85	Slovene	hladen		ˈhlɑ̈̀ːdən	ˈhlàːdən
99	Ukrainian	holodnij	холодний	xɔˈɫɔdnɪ̽j	xoˈlodnɪj	An alternative lexeme is 'зимний'. It is judged to be colloquial.
81	Macedonian: Suho	xlàdna		ˈxlɑ̈dnɐ	ˈxladna	The lexeme 'studʹèn' means 'very cold' and has rather negative connotations.
82	Macedonian: Visoka	xlàdna		ˈxlɑ̈dnɐ	ˈxladna	The lexeme 'studʹèn' means 'very cold' and has rather negative connotations.
86	Slovene: Kostel	hladen		ˈxlɑ̈dɑ̈n	ˈxladan
84	Slovene: Early Modern	hladan

References

Bezlaj, France: 195

The Slavic lexeme is linked to Gothic kalds und Latin gelidus on the one hand and to Lithuanian šáltas on the other. Some scholars assume a loanword from Germanic here.

Boryś, W.: 62-63

PS *xold- is derived from PIE *gel-. However, the development *g > *x has not been explainded, in spite of many attempts to. A relationship to Lithuanian šáltas 'cold' is also dubious from the phonetic point of view (*k̑- never yields PS *x-).

Derksen, Rick: 203-204

S.v. Proto-Slavic *xoldьnъ 'cool, cold' (ESSJa VIII 59-60), an adjectival derivative of Proto-Slavic *xoldъ 'coolness, cold' (ESSJa VIII 57-58). Possibly cognate with Latin and Germanic words for 'cold' reflecting PIE *gel-, but Slav. initial *x- lacks a convincing explanation.

Jocz, Lechosław:

There are three main hypotheses regarding the etymology of PS *xold-: 1) PIE *gel- (*⁽g̑⁾el-), cf. German kalt; 2) PIE *k̑elH-, cf. Lithuanian šáltas; 3) Loan from Germanic with PIE *gel- (*⁽g̑⁾el-), cf. German kalt. All three hypotheses fail to explain the initial x- in Slavic. The regular reflexes should be: 1) g; 2) s; 3) k (cf. PS *koldęzĭ). A further flaw of the hypothesis 2 is that Slavic has a phonetically regular cognate of the Lithuanian word (*solna). Regarding to the hypothesis 3 it can be assumed that words for 'cold' seem not to be very prone to replacing by borrowings. The only example in the database is Sinhalese lexeme borrowed from Pali; Russian archaic xladnyj borrowed from Old Church Slavonic should also be mentioned here. In these both cases, however, the sociolinguistic conditions were very different from that we assume for Germanic and Proto Slavic. Hence, the hypothesis 1 seems to be better than the other ones. It is also accepted in the most existing Slavic etymology Dictionaries. However, the etymology remains uncertain.

Rejzek, Jiří: 225

PS *xoldŭ can be related to German kalt 'cold' etc. on the on the one hand and to Lithuanian šáltas 'cold' on the other hand. The PIE roots *gel- and *k̑el- are maybe variants of a single original root. For the Slavic is more reasonable to assume *x < g*, although the reasons of this development are disputable.

Snoj, Marko:

The Slavic lexeme is probably related to German kalt 'cold', English cold etc. It is derived from PIE *gel-, although the initial *x- has not been convincingly explained.

Trubačev, O. N.: 8: 57-58, 10: 124

A phonetically regular cognate of Lithuanian šáltas 'cold' in PS would be *soltŭ or *soldŭ and a regular cognate of German kalt in PS 'cold' would be *goldŭ. A development of PIE *k̑ into PS *x would be hard to explain even in terms of an expressive pronunciation. An expressive spirantisation of PS *g into PS *x is more probable phonetically and could be supported by the frequent usage of the lexeme accompanied with the lexeme *goldŭ 'hunger' with initial *ɡʷ- (it is very likely that the phrase *goldŭ i xoldŭ 'hunger and cold' existed already in PS). It can be assumed that the lost of the labialisation of *ɡʷ- in the root for 'hunger' induced the spirantisation of *g- in the root for 'cold'. PS *koldęzĭ 'well' is a loan from Germanic. The loan source had probably a meaning 'source' was derived from *kald- 'cold'. It is attested in Gemanic place names like Käldinge (Sweden) or Kolding, Kalding (Denmark).

Vasmer, Max: 4: 256, 3: 124

The Slavic lexeme is probably derived from a *kh- variant of PIE *geldh- and related to Gothic kalds 'cold' and Latin gelidus. Some scholars linkt the Slavic lexeme to Lithuanian šáltas 'cold'. However, the Lithuanian word (along with another derivative, šalná 'hoar-frost, frost') has a regular Slavic cognate, cf. Old Church Slavocnic slana 'hoar-frost'. The hypothesis about a borrowing from Germanic (Gothic) ist unconvincing phonetically. Russian oželedica 'black ice' is related to Greek χάλαζα 'hail', New Persian žāla 'black ice, hoar-frost' annd Latvian dzeldêt 'get hard (about snow)'. A relationship to Gothic kalds 'cold' and Latin gelidus 'cold' is less probable.