Cognate Set 196 – Meaning: cold

IE-CoR reference form:
*⁽g̑⁾el-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*xold- [Proto-Slavic] scale: 0
Justification:
The IE root underlying the Germanic forms in this class is generally reconstructed as *⁽g̑⁾el- on the basis of Germanic and Italic correspondences (cf. LIV² 185). The reconstruction of a palatovelar or plain velar depends on whether one additionally accepts cognacy with Balto-Slavic forms (cf. Lith. gelumà 'frost', Ru. gólotь 'Glatteis'), cf. Seebold 1970:288-289, Ringe 2017:109. The Germanic forms are considered by some scholars (cf. Orel 2003:209) to be related to Slavic lexemes from Proto-Slavic *xoldъ 'cold', but the correspondences of Slavic initial *x and medial *d to Germanic *k and *d is irregular. Consequently the connection of Slavic *xoldъ to the Germanic and Italic lexemes from IE *⁽g̑⁾el- must remain at least uncertain, if not outright rejected.
Found in clades:
Germanic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 1 clade by 23 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
110   Danish kold ˈkʌlˀ
116   Dutch koud kɑut
112   English cold kəʊld Old English ceald
104   Faroese kaldur ˈkʰald̥ʊɹ
117   Flemish koud
114   Frisian kâld kɔːt
122   German kalt ˈkʰalt ˈkalt
103   Icelandic kaldur ˈkʰald̥ʏr Replaced KALDR.
105   Norwegian: Bokmål kald kɑlː kɑlː
109   Swedish kall kalː
121   Luxembourgish kal kaːl kaːl
107   Elfdalian kold kold kold
108   Old Swedish kalder ˈkalder kalder
123   German: Bernese chalt xaʊt xalt
119   Old High German kalt kalt kalt
113   Old Frisian cald kald kald
120   Middle High German kalt kalt kalt
111   Old English ċeald t͡ʃæɑ̯ld t͡ʃæɑ̯ld
118   Old Saxon kald kald kald
115   Middle Dutch cout kɔu̯t kɔu̯t
102   Old Icelandic kaldr kaldr kaldr
101   Gothic kalds 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 kalds kalds
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk kald kɑl kɑl
References
  • Kroonen, Guus: 277-278
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *kalda- 'cold', originally a past participle to the verb *kalan- 'to be cold' (cf. s.v.) from PIE *g̑ólH-e-, cf. Lat. gelus 'cold, frost, ice' < *gel-u-.
  • Lehmann, Winfred P.: 214
    S.v. Goth. K3. kalds (adj.) 'ψυχρός', 'cold' from PIE *gel- 'cold', cf. Lat. gelū 'cold, frost, ice'.
  • Orel, Vladimir: 208-209
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *kalđaz derived from Gmc. *kalanan (cf. Lat. gelū 'cold, frost, ice', Slav *zolь 'bad weather'). "Somehow related to Slav. sb. xoldъ 'cold', despite the phonetic difficulties".
  • Ringe, Donald A.: 109
    Cf. PIE *gol- 'cold' (o-grade; cf. Lat. gelū, Lith. gelumà 'frost') in PGmc. *kalaną 'to be cold, to freeze' and *kaldaz 'cold' (Goth. kalds, ON kaldr, OE ċeald).
  • Rix, Helmut: 185
    Cf. s.v. *⁽g̑⁾el- 'frieren, kalt sein' (IEW 365-6). [No cognates outside of Germanic or Italic listed.]
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    The IE root underlying the Germanic forms in this class is generally reconstructed as *⁽g̑⁾el- on the basis of Germanic and Italic correspondences (cf. [LIV²](src-141) 185). The reconstruction of a palatovelar or plain velar depends on whether one additionally accepts cognacy with Balto-Slavic forms (cf. Lith. gelumà 'frost', Ru. gólotь 'Glatteis'), cf. [Seebold 1970](src-556):288-289, [Ringe 2017](src-703):109. The Germanic forms are considered by some scholars (cf. [Orel 2003](src-388):209) to be related to Slavic lexemes from Proto-Slavic *xoldъ 'cold', but the correspondences of Slavic initial *x and medial *d to Germanic *k and *d is irregular. Consequently the connection of Slavic *xoldъ to the Germanic and Italic lexemes from IE *⁽g̑⁾el- must remain at least uncertain, if not outright rejected.
  • Seebold, Elmar: 288-289
    Cf. s.v. Gmc. *kal-a- 'frieren' (derived adj. kal-da- to be connected with nominal formations in other languages under a probable basis *g̑el- (cf. Lat. gelū 'Frost, Kälte', gelāre 'gefrieren', Lith. gélmenis, gelumà 'heftige Kälte, Frost', Ru. gólotь 'Glatteis').