Cognate Set 196 – Meaning: cold

IE-CoR reference form:
*⁽g̑⁾el-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*xold- [Proto-Slavic] scale: 0
Justification:
The IE root underlying the Germanic forms in this class is generally reconstructed as *⁽g̑⁾el- on the basis of Germanic and Italic correspondences (cf. LIV² 185). The reconstruction of a palatovelar or plain velar depends on whether one additionally accepts cognacy with Balto-Slavic forms (cf. Lith. gelumà 'frost', Ru. gólotь 'Glatteis'), cf. Seebold 1970:288-289, Ringe 2017:109. The Germanic forms are considered by some scholars (cf. Orel 2003:209) to be related to Slavic lexemes from Proto-Slavic *xoldъ 'cold', but the correspondences of Slavic initial *x and medial *d to Germanic *k and *d is irregular. Consequently the connection of Slavic *xoldъ to the Germanic and Italic lexemes from IE *⁽g̑⁾el- must remain at least uncertain, if not outright rejected.
Found in clades:
Germanic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 1 clade by 23 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
108   Danish kold ˈkʌlˀ
114   Dutch koud kɑut
110   English cold kəʊld Old English ceald
102   Faroese kaldur ˈkʰald̥ʊɹ
115   Flemish koud
112   Frisian kâld kɔːt
120   German kalt ˈkʰalt ˈkalt
101   Icelandic kaldur ˈkʰald̥ʏr Replaced KALDR.
103   Norwegian: Bokmål kald kɑlː kɑlː
107   Swedish kall kalː
119   Luxembourgish kal kaːl kaːl
105   Elfdalian kold kold kold
106   Old Swedish kalder ˈkalder kalder
121   German: Bernese chalt xaʊt xalt
117   Old High German kalt kalt kalt
111   Old Frisian cald kald kald
118   Middle High German kalt kalt kalt
109   Old English ċeald t͡ʃæɑ̯ld t͡ʃæɑ̯ld
116   Old Saxon kald kald kald
113   Middle Dutch cout kɔu̯t kɔu̯t
100   Old Icelandic kaldr kaldr kaldr
99   Gothic kalds 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 kalds kalds
104   Norwegian: Nynorsk kald kɑl kɑl
References
  • Kroonen, Guus: 277-278
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *kalda- 'cold', originally a past participle to the verb *kalan- 'to be cold' (cf. s.v.) from PIE *g̑ólH-e-, cf. Lat. gelus 'cold, frost, ice' < *gel-u-.
  • Lehmann, Winfred P.: 214
    S.v. Goth. K3. kalds (adj.) 'ψυχρός', 'cold' from PIE *gel- 'cold', cf. Lat. gelū 'cold, frost, ice'.
  • Orel, Vladimir: 208-209
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *kalđaz derived from Gmc. *kalanan (cf. Lat. gelū 'cold, frost, ice', Slav *zolь 'bad weather'). "Somehow related to Slav. sb. xoldъ 'cold', despite the phonetic difficulties".
  • Ringe, Donald A.: 109
    Cf. PIE *gol- 'cold' (o-grade; cf. Lat. gelū, Lith. gelumà 'frost') in PGmc. *kalaną 'to be cold, to freeze' and *kaldaz 'cold' (Goth. kalds, ON kaldr, OE ċeald).
  • Rix, Helmut: 185
    Cf. s.v. *⁽g̑⁾el- 'frieren, kalt sein' (IEW 365-6). [No cognates outside of Germanic or Italic listed.]
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    The IE root underlying the Germanic forms in this class is generally reconstructed as *⁽g̑⁾el- on the basis of Germanic and Italic correspondences (cf. [LIV²](src-141) 185). The reconstruction of a palatovelar or plain velar depends on whether one additionally accepts cognacy with Balto-Slavic forms (cf. Lith. gelumà 'frost', Ru. gólotь 'Glatteis'), cf. [Seebold 1970](src-556):288-289, [Ringe 2017](src-703):109. The Germanic forms are considered by some scholars (cf. [Orel 2003](src-388):209) to be related to Slavic lexemes from Proto-Slavic *xoldъ 'cold', but the correspondences of Slavic initial *x and medial *d to Germanic *k and *d is irregular. Consequently the connection of Slavic *xoldъ to the Germanic and Italic lexemes from IE *⁽g̑⁾el- must remain at least uncertain, if not outright rejected.
  • Seebold, Elmar: 288-289
    Cf. s.v. Gmc. *kal-a- 'frieren' (derived adj. kal-da- to be connected with nominal formations in other languages under a probable basis *g̑el- (cf. Lat. gelū 'Frost, Kälte', gelāre 'gefrieren', Lith. gélmenis, gelumà 'heftige Kälte, Frost', Ru. gólotь 'Glatteis').