Cognate Set 1197 – Meaning: bad

IE-CoR reference form:
*g̑ʰu̯el-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Found in clades:
Slavic
Found in 1 clade by 5 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
88   Polish zły zwɘ̟ zwɨ It covers both the meaning 'bad' and 'evil'.
91   Slovak zlý zliː zliː
78   Old Church Slavonic zŭlŭ зълъ zʊlʊ̆ zʊlʊ
87   Old Polish zły zɫɨː zliː It covers both the meaning 'bad' and 'evil'.
92   Old Czech zlý zɫɨː zliː The lexeme 'špatný' is attested only in 1510.
References
  • Bezlaj, France: 4: 403
    The PS *zŭl- is related to Lithuanian atžū́las, atžū́lus, įžulùs etc. The PIE root is *g̑ʰu̯el-. Ossetian zul, zol, zylyn, zolun 'crooked' is likely to be related. Older authors assume a relationship to Old Indic hvárate 'to walk on croocked path', hválati 'stumble on', Avestan zbarəmna 'walking crookedly' and/or to Latin fallere 'cheat'. However, these words are linked to *g̑ʰu̯er- and *(s)gʷHel- roots, respectively.
  • Boryś, W.: 742
    It is a reflex of IE PIE *g̑ʰu̯el- (*g̑ʰŭlo-). The closest cognate is Lithuanian -žūlus (in atžūlùs 'sharp, unmerciful' and įžūlùs 'arrogant, intrusive'). More distant IE cognates are Old Indic hvárate 'diverge from the correct road' and Latin fallō fallere 'bring to downfall, trick, outfox'.
  • Derksen, Rick: 551
    Derksen gives as cognates only Lithuanian atžū́lus, atžūlùs 'rude' and only cautiously pažvìlti ‘bend, stoop’. He only points that the Balto-Slavic root (*źulʔ-) has been connected with Skt. hvárate ‘go crookedly’.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 1328, 1339
  • Jocz, Lechosław:
    The relation to Baltic forms as -žūl(n)ùs and the reconstruction of the PIE root *g̑ʰu̯el- is convincing. The further cognacy is uncertain. Some previous authors give here hypothetical cognates that are currently assumed not to be related to each other and/or that can not be (direct) sources of PS *zŭl- (reflexes of *g̑ʰu̯er- like Old Indic hvárate and hválati and of *(s)gʷʰh₂el- like Latin fallō, fallere). However, a reconstruction of *g̑ʰu̯el- instead of *g̑ʰu̯er- for Old Indic hvárate etc. is possible cf. (LIV: 182). Then the Slavic word would have Indo-Iranic cognates.
  • Rejzek, Jiří: 739
    PIE *g̑hulo-, derived from *g̑u̯hel-. It is closest related to Lithuanian -žūlùs in atžūlùs and įžūlùs, further to Latvian zvelt 'hit', Latin fallere 'lie, cheat', Greek φῆλος 'deceitful', Avestan zūrah- 'unjustice', and Old Indic hvárate, hválati 'goes crookedly, diverges from the correct road'.
  • Smoczyński, Wojciech: 228-229
    Lithuanian įžulnùs 'oblique', Latvian 'roll, wallow, flip over, tip' etc. are related to Slavic *zŭl- 'bad'. The underlying PIE root is *g̑ʰu̯el- / *g̑ʰul- whithout further IE cognates beyond Balto-Slavic.
  • Vasmer, Max: 2: 99
    Related to Lithuanian atžū́las, atžūlùs 'harsh, inhuman', įžūlùs 'intrusive', Avestan zūrah- 'unjustice', Persian zūr 'lie', further to Lithuanian žvalus 'sneaky', žvilavo 'he was bending down', Latvian zvel̂t, zveļu, zvēlu 'turn, bend', Old Indic hvárati, hválati 'he goes on croocked ways, goes making loops, he stumbles', Avestan zbaraiti 'he goes on croocked ways, goes making loops, he stumbles', Ossetian æwzær 'bad'.
  • Šapošnikov, A. K.: 323
    PS *zŭl- is a reflex of PIE *g̑ʰul-, *g̑ʰu̯el-, *g̑ʰu̯ol- 'bend'. It has cognates in the Baltic and Indo-Iranian languages.