Cognate Set 249 – Meaning: know

IE-CoR reference form:
*g̑neh₃-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Tocharian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic lexemes derived from PIE *g̑neh₃- 'to perceive, recognise' (LIV² 168-170, cf. Hilmarsson 1996:160-161, Malzahn 2010:609-611, EWAia I:599-601, Cheung 2007:466-467, ALEW 1311-1313, Derksen 2015:519-520, Derksen 2008:546, Kroonen 2013:311-312)
Found in clades:
Baltic, Germanic, Indic, Iranic, Nuristani, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 7 clades by 52 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
25   Bengali jānā জানা dʒana
79   Bulgarian znaâ зная ˈznɑ̈jə ˈznajɤ
112   English know nəʊ Middle English knowen, Old English cnāwan
29   Hindi jānanā जानना dʒɑnːɑ dʒɑnnɑ
34   Kashmiri zaanon زانُن zɑnon zɑːnon
76   Lithuanian žinóti ʒʲɪˈnoːtʲɪ ʒʲɪˈnoːtɪ
80   Macedonian znae знае ˈznɑ̈.ɛ ˈzna.e
31   Nepali jānnu जान्नु dʒanːu
97   Russian znat' знать znɑ̈tsʲ znatʲ
83   Serbo-Croat znati ˈznɑ̈̂ti ˈznâti
23   Sinhalese dannavā දන්නවා
99   Ukrainian znati знати znɑ̈tɪ̽ znatɪ
3   Tocharian A knānaṣ knanəʂ kna-n-a-ʂ Root /knā-/, cf. Toch. B /nana-/ 'appear'. Significantly less common than /krsā-/, but no clear evidence for secondary or restricted value; also clearly inherited.
30   Urdu jānnā جاننا dʒɑnnɑ
26   Maithili jānanā जानना dʒɑnənɑ
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini dɨzanit dɨzɑnit
74   Latvian zināt ˈzinɑːt zinɑːt
72   Ossetic: Iron zonyn зонын ˈʒonɘn ʒon-ən Past stem: žəd-. Participle: žənd.
73   Ossetic: Digor zonun зонун zonun zon-un Past stem: zud-. Participle: zond.
65   Old Persian adānā 𐎠𐎭𐎠𐎴𐎠 a-daːnaː expected: aδānā
22   Pali jānāti dʑaːnaːtɪ dʑaːnaːti
27   Magahi jānanā जानना dʒɑnnɑ
49   Khotanese paysendä pɐzɛːndə pɐzɛːndə Stem paysān-, past paysānda-
66   Middle Persian dānēd dʾnyd daːn- daːneːd "know, recognize", Past dʾnyst- /dānist-/; ZP dʾn-, past dʾnst-
55   Parthian zānēd zʾnyd zɑːneːd zaːneːd "know, recognize", Past zʾnʾd- /zānād-/
75   Latgalian zynuot ˈzɨnuɔtʲ zinuɔtʲ
67   Persian: Tehran dānestan دانستن dɒnestæn
28   Bhojpuri jānanā जानना dʒɑnːɑ
35   Palula ǰhóona جھونہ ˈdʑo̤ːn̪a ʑhóona
100   Rusyn znátɪ ˈznɑ̈tɘ̟ ˈznatɪ
81   Macedonian: Suho znàm znɑ̈m znam
82   Macedonian: Visoka znàm znɑ̈m znam
68   Bakhtiari dunestak dunestak dunestak
54   Bactrian zanēio ζανηιο zaneː 'know, experience; to acknowledge, witness'
24   Assamese jānā জানা dʒɑnɑ Beng.
32   Punjabi jāṇnā ਜਾਣਨਾ
71   Kumzari dāna daːnɐ daːnɐ
70   Lari adone adone
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi azāna æzɑnæ
62   Tati mözöne møzøne
60   Hawrami mazāno mæzɑno
58   Kurdish S.: Elami zānē zɒneː
61   Raji: Barzoki zune zune zune
36   Gawri ǰānūg جانُوگ ˈdʑɒːn̪ũˑɡ̥ dʑɒːnuːɡ HL
64   Balochi: Sistani zant zænt
52   Sarikoli wazond wazond
37   Gawarbati piaanik پیانِک pɪãːˈn̪ik pijaːnik GM piāne-m'im
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki a-zn- ə-zn- ɨ-zn- ɨ-zn-
40   Kamviri źâň′a- dzaɹ̃ˈɨ- dzaɹ̃ˈɨ-
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern zâň′e- zä̃ře- zãɹ̃ˈɛ̠̃- zaɹ̃ˈɛ̠-
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi zâř′e- zaɹˈɛ̠- zaɹˈɛ̠-
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh azānē æzɑneː
References
  • Abaev, Vasilij Ivanovič: IV:315-316
  • Cheung, Johnny: 466-467
    Cf. s.v. Proto-Iranian zanH-² 'to know' from PIE *g̑neh₃-.
  • Derksen, Rick: 546
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *znati 'know', from PIE *g̑neh₃- 'know' (cf. Skt. jānā́ti 'know', Gk. γιγνώσκω 'perceive, realize', Goth. kunnan 'know').
  • Derksen, Rick: 519-520
    S.v. Lith. žinóti 'know', from PIE *g̑n-ne/n-h₃- (>> *g̑nh₃-ne/n-h₃-).
  • Hilmarsson, Jörundur: 160-161
    S.v. A knā- 'to know', connected to IE *g̑neh₃- 'to know' and the A pres. stem *knānā- is more or less equivalent to the stem of Ved. jānā́ti on the basis of an IE stem *g̑n̥-n-(e)h₃-, but remodelled in a different manner.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 311-312
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *kunnan- 'to know (how), be able', (as though) from PIE *g̑onh₃-neh₂-.
  • Malzahn, Melanie: 609-611
    S.v. TochA kñas- 'kennen', 'know', from PIE *g̑neh₃- 'erkennen' (LIV² 168ff.).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:599-601
    S.v. Ved. √jñā- 'kennen, erkennen, wissen' < PIE *g̑neh₃-.
  • Rix, Helmut: 168-170
    S.v. *g̑neh₃- 'erkennen' (IEW 376-8).
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas: 211
    Bactrian ζαν- < *zāna- (cf. Parth. zʾn 'to know', Sogd. ʾnzʾn 'to acknowledge').
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 286
    S.v. 5193 Ved. jānā́ti 'knows' RV. [√jñā].