Cognate Set 384 – Meaning: earth

IE-CoR reference form:
*dʰég̑ʰ-om-, *dʰg̑ʰ-ém-, *dʰg̑ʰ-m-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Anatolian, Tocharian, Albanian, Iranic, and Balto-Slavic lexemes derived from PIE *dʰég̑ʰ-om-, etc. 'earth' (NIL 86-99, cf. Kloekhorst 2008:858-863, Hilmarsson 1996:128, Adams 2013:205, Demiraj 1997:155-156, Orel 1998:80-81, EWAia I:424-425, ALEW 1296-1298, Derksen 2015:516, Derksen 2008:542).
Found in clades:
Albanian, Anatolian, Baltic, Iranic, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 6 clades by 41 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
18   Albanian: Gheg dhe Also 'land'. From PAlb *dzo reflecting IE *dhghom.
76   Lithuanian žẽmė ˈʒʲæːmʲeː ˈʒʲæːmʲeː
95   Sorbian: Lower zemja ˈzemʲjɑ̈ ˈzemja
94   Sorbian: Upper zemja ˈzemjɑ̈ ˈzemja
80   Macedonian zemǰa земја ˈze̞mjɑ̈ ˈzemja
88   Polish ziemia ˈʑemʲjɑ̈ ˈʑemja
97   Russian zemlâ земля zʲɪmˈlʲɑ̈ zʲemˈlʲa
83   Serbo-Croat zemlja ˈzɛ̌mʎɑ̈ ˈzěmʎa
91   Slovak zem zɛm zem
85   Slovene zemlja ˈzɛ̀ːmljɑ̈ ˈzɛ̀ːmlja
99   Ukrainian zemlâ земля zɛ̽ˈmlʲɑ̈ zeˈmlʲa
78   Old Church Slavonic zemlja, zem(ĭ)ja зємля, зєм(ь)я zɛmʎa, zɛmja zemʎa, zemja
77   Old Prussian semmē Third Catechism. EV: same
74   Latvian zeme ˈzɛmɛ zɛmɛ
79   Bulgarian zemâ земя zɘˈmʲɑ̈ zeˈmja 'почва, пръст' are rather professional terms like 'soil'.
93   Czech země ˈzɛmɲɛ ˈzemɲe
46   Avestan: Younger zam 𐬰𐬀𐬨 zam Acc. ząm, elsewhere zəm-
1   Hittite tēkan / takn- te-e-kán
3   Tocharian A tkaṃ tkə̃ tkən Cf. Toch. B tkeṃ (archaic), keṃ with cluster simplification.
4   Tocharian B keṃ kẽ ˈkenə Original initial consonant cluster preserved in Toch. A in archaic tkeṃ and Toch. A tkaṃ
2   Luvian takami- ta-ka-mi-i (HL) HL ta-ka-mi-i is probably a petrified form (1x, dat.-loc.) 'on the earth' (SULTANHAN § 39). Common word for 'earth' in HL is taskuira/i-. Cf. also CL tiyammi-
98   Belarusian zâmlâ зямля zʲɑ̈ˈmlʲɑ̈ zʲeˈmlʲa An alternative lexeme is 'глеба', but it is rather something like 'soil'.
90   Polabian ziḿă ˈzimʲɜ ˈzimjɜ There is no clear example of the meaning 'soil' in the Polabian corpus.
89   Kashubian zemia ˈzɛmjɑ̈ ˈzemja
55   Parthian zamīg zmyg zamiːɡ zamiːɡ AF zmyq
75   Latgalian zeme ˈzʲæmʲæ zʲemʲe
87   Old Polish ziemia ˈʑɛmʲa̠ ˈʑemʲa
92   Old Czech země ˈzɛmʲe ˈzemje
96   Old Novgorod zemlę землѧ zʲɛˈmlʲæ zʲɛˈmlʲæ
100   Rusyn zẹml′á zeˈm(lʲ/ʎ)ɑ̈ zeˈmlʲa
81   Macedonian: Suho z′èmja ˈzʲe̞mʲjɐ ˈzemja
82   Macedonian: Visoka z′èmja ˈzʲe̞mʲjɐ ˈzemja
53   Yaghnobi zōy
86   Slovene: Kostel zemlja ˈzɛːmlʲɑ̈ ˈzɛːmʎa
84   Slovene: Early Modern ṡemla
19   Albanian: Standard dhe
54   Bactrian zamigo ζαμιγο zamiːɡ
48   Sogdian zāy zʾy zaːi̯ zmyx is another possibility, but it is v. rare. zʾy is the earth in which one digs, but I am not sure whether it is used of the substance dug out (that might be xwrm, see 'dust')
20   Albanian: Arbëresh dhe ˈðeː
58   Kurdish S.: Elami zamīn zamiːn
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh zaü zæy
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 205
    S.v. TochB keṃ 'earth, ground; base, place'. TochA tkaṃ and TochB keṃ reflect Proto-Tocharian *tkenä from PIE *dʰ(e)g̑ʰom- 'earth, ground'.
  • Beekes, Robert: 1632-1633
    S.v. χθών 'earth, ground, land', from PIE dʰg̑ʰem- 'earth'. The Greek form was reanalysed synchronically as an n-stem from the regular development of *-m > *-n in final position in the nominative (gen.sg. χθονος); The word-initial cluster developed *θχ- > χθ- by metathesis.
  • Demiraj, Bardhyl: 155-156
    S.v. Alb. dhe 'Erde, Boden, Festland, Land', from the inherited IE word for 'earth' (cf. Hitt. tekan, Ved. kṣā́s, Gk. χθών, OIr. dú, OCS zemlja, Lat. humus, etc.).
  • Derksen, Rick: 542
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *zemļa 'earth, land', from PIE *dʰg̑ʰ-em- (cf. Skt. kṣám- 'earth', Gk. χθών 'earth', Hitt. tēkan 'earth').
  • Derksen, Rick: 516
    S.v. Lith. žẽmė 'earth, land', from PIE *dʰg̑-em- (cf. Skt. kṣám- 'earth', Gk. χθών 'earth', Hitt. tēkan 'earth').
  • Hilmarsson, Jörundur: 128
    S.v. B keṃ, A tkaṃ 'earth, ground', from CT *tkænä(-ṃ), reflecting the IE acc.sg. *dʰg̑ʰom-m̥, cf. Gk. χθών 'earth, ground', Hitt. tēkan 'id.'.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 1296-1298
    S.v. OLith. žẽme 'Erde, Welt; Erdboden, Land, Gebiet' (BSl. cf. Latv. zeme 'Erde, Welt, Boden, Land', OPr. semmē, same 'Erde, Acker, Land', OCS zeml’a 'Erde, Boden, Land' etc.), from PIE *dʰég̑ʰ-om- 'Erde' (cf. Hitt. tēkan 'Erde', CLuw. tiyammi- 'Erde', Ved. kṣam- 'Erde', Gk. χθών 'Erde, Boden, Land', OIr. dú, 'Ort, Stelle', TochA tkaṃ 'Erde, Boden', TochB keṃ 'id.').
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 858-863
    S.v. Hitt. tēkan- / takn- 'earth', from PIE *dʰég̑ʰ-m, *dʰg̑ʰ-m-ós (cf. Skt. kṣā́s [gen.sg. jmás], Av. zam-, Gk. χθών, TochA tkaṃ, TochB keṃ, Alb. dhe, Lat. humus, OIr. dú, Lith. žẽmė, OCS zemlja 'earth').
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:424-425
    S.v. Ved. kṣám- 'Erde, Erdboden' = OAv., YAv. zam- 'Erde' from PIE *dʰég̑ʰ-om-, *dʰg̑ʰ-ém-, dʰg̑ʰ-m̥-´.
  • Orel, Vladimir: 80-81
    S.v. Alb. dhe 'earth, land', from Proto-Albanian dzō, from PIE *dʰg̑ʰōm 'earth' (cf. Hitt. tekan, TochA tkam, B kem, Skt. kṣam-, Gk. χθών).
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas: 211
    Bactrian ζαμιγο (alt. form ζαμιιο) '(piece of) land, ground' < *zamīkā- (cf. MMPers./Parth. zmyg 'land, earth, world').
  • Wodtko, Dagmar S. and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin: 86-99
    S.v. *dʰég̑ʰ-om-, *dʰg̑ʰ-ém-, *dʰg̑ʰ-m-´-, *g̑ʰ-m̥-m-´-, f. 'Erde' (IEW 414ff.)