Cognate Set 42 – Meaning: fog

IE-CoR reference form:
*h₃mei̯gʰ-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Hellenic, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic lexemes derived from PIE *h₃mei̯gʰ- (Beekes 2010:1077, Martirosyan 2010:466, EWAia II:374-375, ALEW 649, Derksen 2015:317, ESSJa 21:93-94, Derksen 2008:338-339, EWNl 3:140, Oxford English Dictionary (OED)).
Found in clades:
Armenian, Baltic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Nuristani, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 8 clades by 46 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
79   Bulgarian m″gla мъгла məˈɡɫɑ̈ mɤˈɡla
93   Czech mlha ˈml̩ɦɑ̈ ˈmlɦa
117   Flemish mist
80   Macedonian magla магла ˈmɑ̈ɡlɑ̈ ˈmaɡla
67   Persian: Tehran meh مه meh meh
88   Polish mgła mɡwɑ̈ mɡwa
83   Serbo-Croat magla ˈmɑ̈̌ɡlɑ̈ ˈmǎɡla
91   Slovak hmla ɦmlɑ̈ ɦmla
85   Slovene megla məˈɡlɑ̈́, ˈmə̀ɡlɑ̈ məˈɡla, ˈməɡla
78   Old Church Slavonic mĭgla мьгла mɪ̆ɡlɑ mɪɡla Not attested in the Canon.
116   Dutch mist mɪst
74   Latvian migla ˈmiɡlɑ miɡlɑ
6   Greek: Ancient omíchlē ὀμίχλη o̞míkʰlɛː o̞míkʰlɛː G.sg. ὀμίχλης
72   Ossetic: Iron miǧ мигъ miʁ miʁ
73   Ossetic: Digor meǧæ мегъӕ meʁɜ meʁɜ
15   Armenian: Classical mēg մէգ mɛɡ meiɡ-ɔ- Linked with Skt. meghá- m. 'cloud, gloomy weather', Av. maēɣa- m. 'cloud', Gr. ὀμίχλη 'mist, fog', Lith. miglà 'fog', Dutch dial. miggelen 'staubregnen', etc. Other scholars consider it a loan < Iranian.
17   Armenian: Western mēg մէգ mɛkʰ mekʰ Linked with Skt. meghá- m. 'cloud, gloomy weather', Av. maēɣa- m. 'cloud', Gr. ὀμίχλη 'mist, fog', Lith. miglà 'fog', Dutch dial. miggelen 'staubregnen', etc. Other scholars consider it a loan < Iranian.
22   Pali mahikā mɐɦɪkaː maɦikaː
7   Greek: New Testament omíchlē ὀμίχλη o̞ˈmikʰle̝ o̞ˈmikʰle̝
90   Polabian ḿåglă ˈmʲɒɡlɜ ˈmjɒɡlɜ
89   Kashubian mgła mɡwɑ̈ mɡwa An alternative lexeme is 'dôka' which is a German loanword.
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini mɨž mɨʒ
21   Vedic: Early míh- मिह्- ˈmiɦ- míh- stem
75   Latgalian mygla ˈmɨɡla miɡla
55   Parthian nizmān nyzmʾn nizmɑːn nizmaːn AF (once) nyzwmʾn; cf. myg "cloud, mist"
87   Old Polish mgła mɡɫa̠ mɡla
92   Old Czech mhla mɣɫɑ̈ mɣla
81   Macedonian: Suho mъ̀ŋgla ˈməŋɡlɐ ˈmənɡla
82   Macedonian: Visoka mъ̀ŋgla ˈməŋɡlɐ ˈmənɡla
23   Sinhalese mīduma මීදුම
86   Slovene: Kostel megla ˈmɑ̈ɡlɑ̈ ˈmaɡla
84   Slovene: Early Modern magla
48   Sogdian mēγ myγ meːɣ meːɣ
63   Mazanderani meh meh
68   Bakhtiari meh meː meh
69   Delvari meh meh
64   Balochi: Sistani meh meh
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi tamūmež tæmumeʒ
66   Middle Persian mēγ myγ meːɣ meːɣ "cloud, mist"
60   Hawrami tam u miž tæm u mɨʒ
111   Old English mist mist mist
51   Wakhi migh miʁ This could be a loan from Indic. It is attested by an educated Wakhi speaker from Afghanistan Wakhan (QIla-e Panja village) and by two educated Wakhi speakers from Pakistan, one of whom lives in Afghanistan Wakhan and the other has traveled widely in Afghanistan Wakhan. They all agree that the Wakhi words for "cloud" and for "mist" (ṣ̌ak) are not used for fog.[There is no reason to assume a loan as the phonology is completely regular and the lexeme is robustly attested in Iranian. – RT]
40   Kamviri m′e mˈe mˈe
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern m′e mɛ mˈɛ̠ mˈɛ̠
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi m′e mˈɛ̠ mˈɛ̠
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh mɨž qʊrwɑqæ
References
  • 84:
    Cf. s.v. ModEng. mist "Cognate with Middle Dutch mest, mist (Dutch mist), Middle Low German mist, Middle High German mist, Icelandic mistr, mistur, Norwegian (regional or archaic) mist, Swedish mist, Danish mist < an extended form of the Indo-European base of Sanskrit mih mist, vapour, megha cloud, ancient Greek ὀμίχλη mist, cloud, Old Church Slavonic mĭgla mist, cloud, Russian mgla haze, Lithuanian migla mist, Albanian mjegull cloud, mist."
  • Beekes, Robert: 1077
    S.v. Gk. ὀμίχλη 'fog', from PIE *h₃migʰ-l(e)h₂. The Greek forms are identical to Balto-Slavic words for fog attested by Lith. miglà, OCS mъgla.
  • Derksen, Rick: 317
    S.v. Lith. miglà 'mist, haze', from PIE *h₃migʰ-leh₂- (cf. OCS mьgla, Skt. meghá- 'cloud, gloomy weather', míh- 'haze, rain', Gk. ὀμίχλη 'mist, haze', YAv. maēγa- 'cloud', Arm. mēg 'mist').
  • Derksen, Rick: 338-339
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *mьgla, mьga, miglъ 'mist, haze' (ESSJa XXI 92-94), from PIE *h₃migʰ-leh₂ (cf. Lith. miglà 'mist, haze', Skt. meghá- 'cloud, gloomy weather', Skt. mih- 'haze, rain', Gk. ὀμίχλη 'mist, haze', Av. maēγa- 'cloud', Arm. mēg 'mist'). Cf. entry for extensive discussion of the PIE root reconstruction.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 649
    S.v. OLith. miglà 'Nebel' (BSl. Latv. migla 'Nebel', OCS mьgla 'Nebel', etc.), from PIE *h₃migʰ-leh₂- 'Nebel' (cf. Gk. ὀμίχλη 'Nebel'). The Balto-Slavic words agree with Gk. ὀμίχλη with an *-leh₂- suffix; other nominal formations of the same root include Ved. meghá- 'Wilke, trübes Wetter', YAv. maēγa- 'Wolke'. Further connections to PIE *h₃mei̯g̑ʰ- 'harnen' (LIV² 301f. cf. Lith. mỹžti) or *mei̯gʰ- 'blinzeln' (LIV² 427, cf. Lith. miegóti) are often considered.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 466
    S.v. Arm. mēg 'mist, fog, darkness', usually understood to be cognate with Skt. meghá- 'cloud, gloomy weather', Av. maēγa- 'cloud', Gk. ὀμίχλη 'mist, fog', Lith. miglà 'fog', etc. From PIE *h₃meigʰ-o- or *h₃meigʰ-eh₂-. The possibility remains that Arm. mēg might also be an Iranian loan (cf. [Hübschmann 1897](src-564):474 s.v. mez 'urine').
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:374-375
    S.v. Ved. meghá- 'Wolke, trübes Wetter' (root noun mih- 'Nebel, Niederschlag, Regen'). IIr. cf. YAv. maēγa- 'Wolke', MPers., NPers. mēγ 'Wolke, Nebel', Oss. mīg/megæ 'Wolke, Nebel', etc., from PIE *h₃mei̯gʰ-, from which nominal derivations like *h₃moi̯gʰ-o- (meghá-), *h₃migʰ- (mih-) and *h₃migʰ-leh₂ (cf. Gk. ὀμίχλη 'Nebel', Lith. miglà, OCS mьgla 'Nebel').
  • Trubačev, O. N.: 21: 93-94
    S. v. *mĭɡla.
  • van der Sijs and Debrabandere, Nicoline; and Philippa, Frans; and Quak, Marlies; and Arend: 3:140
    S.v. Du. mist, to be connected with Greek ὀμίχλη ‘nevel’; Sanskrit megha- ‘wolk’; OIr. mēgha ‘wolk’; Lith. miglà ‘nevel’; OCS mĭgla ‘nevel’ (Ru. mgla); Arm. mēg ‘nevel’; from the PIE root *h₃meigʰ- (IEW 712).