Cognate Set 619 – Meaning: night

IE-CoR reference form:
?*u̯e-k⁽ʷ⁾sp-ero-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*k⁽ʷ⁾sep- [Proto-Indo-European] scale: 1
Justification:
While the cognacy between Lat. vesper, Gk. ἕσπερος, Arm. gišer, Lith. vãkaras, OCS večerъ, etc. is generally agreed, a morphological analysis of the proto-form from which these lexemes arose is not generally agreed upon. For the purposes of providing a root reference form for this cognate set, we have followed the analysis of Beekes 2004, cf. also Beekes 2010:470-471) s.v. Ancient Greek ἕσπερος. Exceptionally against the these lexemes forming a class, cf. LIPP 2 s.v. †*u̯é-kʷsp-ero-. Cf. also Derksen 2008:513, ALEW 1174-1175, Martirosyan 2010:215-216. If *k⁽ʷ⁾sep- is the lexical root underlying this formation, then these lexemes may ultimately be cognate with Hittite išpant-, Vedic kṣáp- 'night', etc. in cognate set 87.
Found in clades:
Armenian, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 2 clades by 5 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
17   Armenian: Western gišer գիշեր kʰiˈʃɛɾ kʰeiʃɛɾ
16   Armenian: Eastern gišer գիշեր ɡiˈʃɛɾ ɡiʃɛɾ
15   Armenian: Classical gišer գիշեր ɡiˈʃɛɾ ɡeiʃɛɾ-ɔ-
81   Macedonian: Suho v′èčer ˈvʲe̞tʃe̞ɾ ˈvetʃer Etymologically 'evening'. The Swadesh term for 'night' without doubt, attested in many contexts and phrases. The original word for 'night', 'nòš', is attested only in one petrified phrase ('whole night'). Its derivative 'nuštòvam' means 'watch, wake' nuštòvam.
82   Macedonian: Visoka v′èčer ˈβʲe̞tʃe̞ɾ ˈvetʃer Etymologically 'evening'. The Swadesh term for 'night' without doubt, attested in many contexts and phrases. The original word for 'night', 'nòš', is attested only in one petrified phrase ('whole night'). Its derivative 'nuštòvam' means 'watch, wake' nuštòvam.
References
  • Beekes, Robert: 470-471
    Cf. s.v. Ancient Greek ἕσπερος 'evening', an inherited word for 'evening' from *u̯e-kʷsp-er-o- *'towards the night, evening' (cf. Lat. vesper 'evening'). Element *-kʷsp- 'night' from PIE *kʷsep- 'spend the night' (cf. Ved. kṣáp- 'night').
  • Beekes, Robert S. P.: 59-62
    For Lat. vesper, Gk. ἕσπερος, Arm. gišer, Lith. vãkaras, OCS večerъ, Beekes argues for a connection with the root *kʷsep- '(spend the) night', with a prefix *u̯e- (of less certain origin, cf. article for discussion of alternative possibilities).
  • Derksen, Rick: 513
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *vȅčerъ 'evening' from PIE *uekspero- (cf. Gk. ἕσπερος, Lat. vesper, MW ucher, Arm. giser).
  • Dunkel, George E.: 843
    Cf. s.v. 1. *u̯é 'weg, ab; ohne'. A reconstructed compound *u̯é-kʷsp-ero- 'Abend' is commonly assumed to underlie Gk. ἕσπερος, Lat. vesper, MW ucher, ?PGmc. *u̯est(r)ō, Arm. gišer, OCS večerŭ, Lith. vãkaras, etc. (although LIPP rejects this reconstruction). Cf. p.843n20 for extensive references to further literature.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 1174-1175
    S.v. OLith. vãkaras 'Abend', under which is included vãkar (adv.) 'gestern' (BSl. Latv. vakars 'Abend', OCS vьčera 'gestern', etc.), certainly cognate with Gk. ἕσπερος 'abendlich; westlich', ἑσπέρα 'Abend; Westen', Arm gišer 'Nacht', Lat. vesper (adj.) 'abendlich, zum Abend gehörig', vesper sf. 'Abend', MW ucher 'Abend'. The precise reconstruction is however disputed, cf. Beekes (2004) for the most recent attempt.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 215-216
    S.v. Arm. gišer 'night'. Generally connected with different IE words for 'evening', cf. Gk. ἕσπερος 'evening(-star)', Lat. vesper 'evening(-star), West', Lith. vãkaras, OCS večerъ 'evening'.
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    While the cognacy between Lat. vesper, Gk. ἕσπερος, Arm. gišer, Lith. vãkaras, OCS večerъ, etc. is generally agreed, a morphological analysis of the proto-form from which these lexemes arose is not generally agreed upon. For the purposes of establishing a root-ref. form for this class, we have followed the analysis of [Beekes 2010](src-66):470-471) s.v. ἕσπερος, cf. also [Beekes 2004](src-702). Exceptionally against the these lexemes forming a class, cf. [LIPP 2](src-294) s.v. †*u̯é-kʷsp-ero-.