Cognate Set 718 – Meaning: liver

IE-CoR reference form:
*(H)i̯ekʷ-r/n-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Hellenic, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Baltic, and Italic lexemes continuing PIE *i̯e/okʷ-r/n-, generally presumed to be the PIE inherited word for 'liver' (NIL 392-395, EIEC 356, cf. Beekes 2010:522, Martirosyan 2010:306-307, EWAia II:391, ALEW 413-414, de Vaan 2008:296).
Found in clades:
Armenian, Baltic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 7 clades by 37 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
67   Persian: Tehran ǰigar جگر dʒeˈɡær d͜ʒiɡær
77   Old Prussian lagno
21   Vedic: Early yákr̥t यकृत् ˈjɐkɾt jákrt abl.-gen. yaknás
6   Greek: Ancient hē̃par ἧπαρ hɛ̂ːpar hɛ̂ːpar G.sg. ἥπατος
74   Latvian aknas ˈɑknɑs ɑknɑs
124   Latin iecur ˈjekur ˈjekur gen. iecoris or iecinoris
17   Armenian: Western leard լեարդ ljɑrtʰ liɑrtʰ
16   Armenian: Eastern lyard լյարդ ljɑrtʰ liɑrd
72   Ossetic: Iron igær игӕр iɡɜr iɡɜr
73   Ossetic: Digor igær игӕр iɡɜr iɡɜr
46   Avestan: Younger yākar 𐬪𐬁𐬐𐬀𐬭 i̯aːkar Var. lectio yakarə (cf. F III 189a)
15   Armenian: Classical leard լեարդ ljɑɾd liɑɾd-i-
22   Pali yakana jɐkɐnɐ jakana
49   Khotanese gyagarrä ɟɐɣɐrə ɡi̯aɣarə AF jatärrä, jarä
66   Middle Persian ǰagar *jgr dʒaˈɣar d͜ʒaɡar ZP ykl
10   Greek: Pontic ī́parī ήπαρη ˈipari ˈipari
75   Latgalian oknys ˈɔknɨs ɔknis
71   Kumzari jōġur d͡ʒoːʁʊɻ d͡ʒoːʁʊɻ
68   Bakhtiari jiyar d͡ʒijaɾ d͡ʒijar
48   Sogdian yakari yqry i̯akari
70   Lari jegar d͡ʒeɡar
63   Mazanderani jiger d͡ʒiɡer
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi jıgar d͡ʒɨɡær
62   Tati jigare d͡ʒiɡære
60   Hawrami jigar d͡ʒɨɡær
58   Kurdish S.: Elami jıgır d͡ʒɘ̟ɡɘ̟ɾ
61   Raji: Barzoki jegar d͡ʒeɡaɾ d͡ʒeɡaɾ
50   Pashto aeena اينه ˈʔai.na ʔaina
36   Gawri yän یٞن jɛn̪̥ jan H
38   Khowar ṣeɣun ݰیغون ˈʂɛɣʊn̪ ʂɛ́ɣun
69   Delvari d͡ʒigær d͡ʒiɡær
40   Kamviri iâň′i jaɹ̃ˈi iaɹ̃ˈi
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern iâň′âi [?] yä̃̃ř′ãi jæ̃ɹ̃ˈãĩ̯ iaɹ̃ˈai
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi iâ·′i jajˈi ia.ˈi
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm iok jˈok iˈok
44   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ i′on jˈʊn iˈʊn
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh jɨwɨr d͡ʒɨwɨr labio-dental approximant
References
  • Beekes, Robert: 522
    S.v. ἧπαρ 'liver' < PIE *(H)i̯ekʷ-r 'liver'.
  • Derksen, Rick: 211
    Cf. s.v. Lith. jẽknos (OLith., dial.) 'liver', from PIE *iekʷ-r/n- (cf. Skt. yákar- 'liver', Gk. ἧπαρ 'liver'). Other Baltic cognates include Latv. aknas (nom.pl.) 'liver', OPruss. lagno [iagno] 'liver'.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 413-414
    Cf. s.v. OLith. jẽknos 'Leber' (BSl. Latv. (tahm.) jȩknas 'Leber', Latv. aknis, Latv. (hll.) aknys 'id.', OPr. jagno 'Leber'), from PIE *Hi̯ekʷ-r/n-, *Hi̯okʷ-r/n- 'Leber' (cf. Ved. yákr̥t, G.sg. yaknás 'Leber', OAv. NA.sg. yākarə 'Leber', Gk. ἥπαρ, G.sg. ἥπατος 'Leber', Lat. iecur, iocur, G.sg. iecinis, iecinoris, iocineris, iocinoris 'Leber').
  • Mallory, James P.: 356
    Cf. s.v. LIVER: *i̯ekʷr̥(t) 'liver' "Presumably the most likely candidate for the PIE word for 'liver'", but not entirely certain in view of Hitt. lissi-, which might be a very old word for liver replaced everywhere else by *i̯ekʷr̥(t), or more likely an Anatolian innovation.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 306-307
    S.v. Arm. leard 'liver', usually connected with PIE *Hiekʷr(-t), *Hiekʷn-ós 'liver'. The initial l- is unexpected, but cf. luc 'yoke' < *i̯ugom. It has been suggested that leard may be connected or has been contaminated with Gk. λιπαρός 'oily, shiny with oil, anointed; fatty, greasy'. A minority view has compared Arm. leard with Hitt. lišši- 'liver'.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:391
    S.v. Ved. yákar- (yakn-) 'Leber', from an IE heteroclite stem *Hi̯ekʷ-r-/*Hi̯ekʷ-n- (cf. Gk. ἧπαρ, ἥπατος, Lat. iecur, iocineris, 'Leber', etc.).
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 601
    S.v. 10394 Ved. yákr̥t- , gen. yaknás n. 'liver' RV. NB: Khowar ṣeɣún with initial ṣ- for expected ž- from contamination with ṣaṅgur 'entrails'.
  • Wodtko, Dagmar S. and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin: 392-395
    S.v. *i̯e/okʷ-r/n- n. 'Leber' (IEW 504).
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 296
    S.v. Lat. iecur 'liver' (gen.sg. iocineris), from PIE *iekʷ-r/n- 'liver'.