Cognate Set 210 – Meaning: eat

IE-CoR reference form:
*h₁ed-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Anatolian, Greek, Armenian, Indic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes derived from PIE *h₁ed- *'to bite' → 'to eat' (LIV² 230-231, cf. Kloekhorst 2008:261-263, Beekes 2010:375, Martirosyan 2010:644, EWAia I:61-62, ALEW 269-270, Derksen 2015:157-158, Smoczyński 2005:183-184, ESSJa 6:53-54, Derksen 2008:154, Kroonen 2013:119, de Vaan 2008:185-186, Meyer-Lübke 1935:196, Matasović 2009:113).
Found in clades:
Anatolian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Italic, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 9 clades by 66 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
17   Armenian: Western owtel ուտել uˈdɛl u(i)d-ɛ-l
16   Armenian: Eastern owtel ուտել uˈtɛl ut-ɛ-l (aor. stem ker-)
79   Bulgarian âm ям jɑ̈m jam
98   Belarusian escì есці ˈjesʲtsʲi ˈjesʲtsʲi
93   Czech jíst jiːst jiːst
116   Dutch eten etə(n)
112   English eat iːt Middle English eten, Old English etan
104   Faroese eta ˈeːta
117   Flemish eten
114   Frisian ite ˈitə
122   German essen ˈʔɛsn̩ ˈɛsən
95   Sorbian: Lower jěsć jɪstɕ jɪztɕ
94   Sorbian: Upper jěsć jɪstʃ jɪztʃ
80   Macedonian ǰade јаде ˈjɑ̈dɛ ˈjade
88   Polish jeść jeɕtɕ jeɕtɕ
97   Russian est' есть jesʲtsʲ jestʲ
83   Serbo-Croat jesti ˈjɛ̂sti ˈjêsti
91   Slovak jesť jɛsc jesc
85   Slovene jesti ˈjèːsti ˈjèːsti
109   Swedish äta ˈɛ̀ːta
99   Ukrainian ïsti їсти ˈjistɪ̽ ˈjistɪ
78   Old Church Slavonic jasti ясти jasti jadti
6   Greek: Ancient esthíō ἐσθίω e̞stʰío̞ː e̞stʰío̞ː Inf. ἐσθίειν.
21   Vedic: Early ad- अद- ɐd- ad- root
1   Hittite ed- / ad- e-za-az-zi
124   Latin edere ˈedere ˈedere edō, edere (or ēsse), ēdī, ēsus. The infinitive edere was remodelled on the basis of the present stem ed-; ēsse is the inherited form.
77   Old Prussian īst Third Catechism, inf.
74   Latvian ēst ɛːst ɛːst
121   Luxembourgish iessen ˈiəsən ˈiəsən
15   Armenian: Classical owtem ուտեմ uˈtɛm ut-ɛ-m Irregular aorist: կերայ ker-a-y 'I ate', traditionally pronounced [kɛɾɑ].
2   Luvian ad- az-za-aš-ti-iš (CL) Native script form is 2.sg.pres.
107   Elfdalian jätå ˈjæ̀tɔ ˈjæ̀tɔ
146   Oscan edum Native alphabet edum (inf., Cp 37).
144   Portuguese comer kuˈmeɾ kuˈmeɾ
143   Spanish comer koˈmɛɾ koˈmeɾ
110   Danish æde ˈɛːðə appear to be true synonyms TKD
108   Old Swedish äta ˈæta æta
22   Pali adeti ɐdeːtɪ adeti
7   Greek: New Testament esthíō ἐσθίω e̞sˈtʰ(i/j)o̞ e̞sˈtʰio̞ Alternative form ἔσθω. > 30 attestations in the NT.
90   Polabian jest jɛst jɛst
89   Kashubian jesc jɛsts jests
158   Old Irish ithid ˈɪθʲɪðʲ ˈiθʲəðʲ
161   Gaelic: Irish ith ˈɪh ˈØʲəhʲ
159   Gaelic: Scottish ith iç
160   Gaelic: Manx ee iː iː ee
75   Latgalian ēst ɛːsʲtʲ eːsʲtʲ
142   Old Spanish comer koˈmeɾ
87   Old Polish jeść jɛɕtɕ jeɕtɕ
92   Old Czech jiesti jeːsci jeːstji
96   Old Novgorod ěsti ѣсти ˈjæsʲtʲi ˈjæstʲi
100   Rusyn jístɪ ˈjistɘ̟ ˈjistɪ
81   Macedonian: Suho jàm jɑ̈m jam
82   Macedonian: Visoka jàm jɑ̈m jam
86   Slovene: Kostel jesti je̝st je̝st
84   Slovene: Early Modern jéſti
123   German: Bernese ässe æssə æssə
119   Old High German ezzan ˈes̻s̻an ˈes̻s̻an
113   Old Frisian ita ˈita ˈita
120   Middle High German ezzen ˈes̻s̻ən ˈes̻s̻ən
111   Old English etan ˈetɑn ˈetɑn
118   Old Saxon etan ˈetan ˈetan
115   Middle Dutch eten ˈeːtən ˈeːtən
102   Old Icelandic eta ˈeta ˈeta
101   Gothic itan 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 ˈitan ˈitan
145   Portuguese: Brazilian comer
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk ete ˈɛːtə ˈɛːtɛ
References
  • Beekes, Robert: 375
    S.v. ἔδω 'to eat' < PIE *h₁ed- 'eat'. Thematic ἐσθίω is formed on the basis of the inherited athematic imperative ἔσθι (Ved. addhí). < *h₁ed-dhi.
  • Derksen, Rick: 157-158
    S.v. Lith. ė́sti 'eat (of animals)' (Latv. êst, OPr. istwei), from PIE *h₁ed- 'eat' (cf. OCS jasti, Skt. átti, Hitt. ed-/ad-, Gk. ἔδμεναι; Lat. edere, Goth. itan).
  • Derksen, Rick: 154
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *ěsti 'eat', from PIE *h₁ed- (cf. Lith. ė́sti, Latv. êst, OPr. īst, īstwei, Skt. átti. Hitt. ed-/ad-, Gk. ἔδμεναι, Lat. edō, Goth. itan).
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 269-270
    Cf. s.v. OLith. ė́sti 'essen, fressen' (BSl. cf. Latv. êst 'essen, fressen, verzehren', OPr. inf. īst, ist 'essen', inf. istwei, OCS jasti 'essen', etc.), from PIE *h₁ed- 'essen' (cf. Hitt. ēdmi, adanzi 'esse', CLuw. ad- 'essen', HLuw. ad- 'essen', Ved. ad- 'essen', Gk 1.sg.fut.med. ἔδομαι 'werde essen', Arm. owtem 'esse', Lat. edō, ēsse 'essen', Osc. EDUM 'essen', Goth. itan 'essen', OHG ezzan 'essen').
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 261-263
    S.v. Hitt. ed-/ad- 'to eat', from PIE *h₁ed- (cf. Skt. ad- 'to eat', Gk. ἔδμεναι 'to eat', Lat. edō 'to eat', Lith. ė́sti 'to eat', OCS jasti 'to eat', Goth. itan 'to eat').
  • Kroonen, Guus: 119
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *etan- 'to eat', from PIE *h₁ed- 'eat' (cf. Hitt. ez(za)zi ~ adanzi, Skt. átti, adánti, Gk. ἔδω, Lat. edō, ēsse, OIr. ithid, Lith. ė́sti, etc.).
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 644
    S.v. Arm utem 'to eat', since long connected to Gk. ἔδω, Lat. edō, Skt. ad-, OCS jasti, Goth. itan, etc. from PIE *h₁ed- 'to eat'.
  • Matasović, Ranko: 113
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *ed-o- 'eat' (OIr. ithid), from PIE *h₁ed- (cf. Skt. ádmi, Gk. ἔδομαι, Lat. edō, Goth. itan, Hitt. ēd-, Lith. ė́sti, OCS jasti).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:61-62
    S.v. Ved. √ad- 'essen, verzehren', from PIE *h₁ed- (cf. Hitt. e-id-mi 'esse', Gk. ἔδμεναι 'essen', Lat. edō 'esse', ēst 'ißt', Lith. ė́sti 'fressen', OCS jasti 'essen', Goth. itan 'essen', etc.).
  • Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm: 196
    For Sp., Pg. comer, cf. s.v. 2077 Lat. comedere 'essen'.
  • Rix, Helmut: 230-231
    S.v. *h₁ed- '(beißen →) essen' (IEW 287-289).
  • Smoczyński, Wojciech: 183-184
    S.v. OPr. īst (inf.) 'essen', directly comparable to OLith. ė́sti 'essen' (Lith. 'fressen'), Latv. êst, ultimately from PIE *h₁ed- 'beißen; essen'.
  • Trubačev, O. N.: 6: 53-54
    PS *ěsti < PIE *ē̆d-.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 185-186
    S.v. Lat. edō, ēsse 'to eat', from Proto-Italic *ed- 'to eat' (cf. Osc. <b>edum</b> 'to eat'), from PIE *h₁ed-.