Cognate Set 228 – Meaning: give

IE-CoR reference form:
*gʰebʰ-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*h₁ep- [Proto-Indo-European] scale: 0
Justification:
Precise connections outside of Germanic are disputed. For the purposes of cognacy, this class follows the reconstruction of LIV² with possible but uncertain connections to ?*g̑ʰeHb- (cf. OIr. gaibid), but cf. the hypothesis of Kortlandt 1992:104-5, followed by Kroonen 2013:172-173, who suggests a remodelling of earlier *ga-ef- from *k̑o(m)-h₂ep-.
Found in clades:
Germanic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 1 clade by 23 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
110   Danish give ˈɡiˀ
116   Dutch geven ˈɣevə(n)
112   English give ɡɪv
104   Faroese geva ˈd̥ʒeːva
117   Flemish geven
122   German geben ˈɡeːbm̩ ˈɡeːbən
103   Icelandic gefa ˈcɛːva
105   Norwegian: Bokmål gi jiː jiː
109   Swedish ge jeː From earlier giva [ji:va]. Changed from GIVA.
121   Luxembourgish ginn ɡin ɡin
114   Frisian jaan jan, jaːn
107   Elfdalian djävå ˈdʒæ̀vɔ ˈdʒæ̀vɔ
108   Old Swedish giva ˈɟiva ɡiva
123   German: Bernese gäh ɡ̊æː ɡ̊æː
119   Old High German geban ˈɡeban ˈɡeban
113   Old Frisian ieva ˈjeva ˈjefa
120   Middle High German geben ˈɡebən ˈɡebən
111   Old English ġiefan ˈjie̯vɑn ˈjie̯fɑn
118   Old Saxon geƀan ˈɣeβan ˈɣeban
115   Middle Dutch gheven ˈɣeːvən ˈɣeːvən
102   Old Icelandic gefa ˈɡeva ˈɡefa
101   Gothic giban 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 ˈɡiβan ˈɡiban
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk gje jɛː jɛː both common - 'gje' more conservative
References
  • Kortlandt, Frederik: 104-105
    "The usual connection of *geb- 'give' with Latin habeō 'hold' and OIr. gaibid 'takes' must be rejected because the vocalism is incompatible. This verb can be derived from the Germanic prefix ga- plus the root of Hitt. epzi 'seizes', Lat. apīscor 'reach', coēpī 'have begun'."
  • Kroonen, Guus: 172-173
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *geban- 'give'. The verb is often compared with OIr. gaibid 'to take, hold' < *gʰHbʰ-ie-, but this is formally impossible because of the laryngeal. LIV² 193 connects with Lith. gebė́ti 'to be able, to be used to' < *gʰebʰ-eh₁-ie-, but the semantics are problematic. Kortlandt (1992:104-5) assumes a remodelling of *ga-ef- < *k̑o(m)-h₁ep-, to be directly connected with Lat. coēpī 'seized' < *k̑o(m)-h₁eh₁p-.
  • Rix, Helmut: 193
    S.v. *gʰebʰ- 'fassen, nehmen; geben' (IEW 407-409). Not always easy to distinguish from *gʰeHb- 'ergreifen, nehmen' [cf. 'take' in [cognate set 5345](cog-5345)].
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    The exact connections outside of Germanic are disputed. For the purposes of cognacy, this class follows the reconstruction of LIV² with possible but uncertain connections to ?*g̑ʰeHb- (cf. OIr. gaibid). But cf. the hypothesis of Kortlandt (1992:104-5), followed by Kroonen (2013:172-173), who suggests a remodelling of earlier *ga-ef- from *k̑o(m)-h₂ep-.
  • Seebold, Elmar: 217-218
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *geb-a- 'geben'. Probably to be compared with a European root *g̑ʰabʰ- 'nehmen, bringen, halten', the e-vocalism of Germanic is then secondary. (Cf. Lat. habeō 'halten, besitzen, haben', OIr. gaibid 'nimmt, ergreift', Lith. gabénti 'befödern, herbeischaffen, fortschaffen'; with e-vocalism gebė́ti 'pflegen, gewohnt sein').