Cognate Set 2307 – Meaning: know

IE-CoR reference form:
*u̯ei̯d-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Hellenic, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, and Celtic lexemes from the perfect stem *u̯oi̯d- 'to know' (< *'to have seen') from PIE *u̯ei̯d- 'to catch sight of' (LIV² 665-667, cf. Beekes 2010:1053, Martirosyan 2010:211, EWAia II:579-581, Cheung 2007:408-409, Derksen 2015:566, Derksen 2008:518), Matasović 2009}:422-423).
Found in clades:
Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 8 clades by 58 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
104   Faroese vita ˈviːta
103   Icelandic vita ˈvɪːta Also 'to see, check'.
105   Norwegian: Bokmål vite ˈʋìːtə ˈʋìːtɛ
110   Danish vide ˈviːðə
109   Swedish veta ˈvèːta
114   Frisian witte ˈvɪtə Removed final -N.
117   Flemish weten
116   Dutch weten ˈwetə(n)
121   Luxembourgish wëssen ˈvəsən ˈvəsən
122   German wissen ˈvɪsn̩ ˈvɪsən
159   Gaelic: Scottish tha fhios ha is
21   Vedic: Early vid- विद्- ʋid- vid- root
78   Old Church Slavonic věděti вѣдѣти ʋædæti vædæti
77   Old Prussian waist inf.
17   Armenian: Western gitnal գիտնալ kʰidˈnɑl kʰeid-n-ɑ-l
16   Armenian: Eastern gitenal գիտենալ ɡitɛˈnɑl ɡeit-ɛn-ɑ-l cf. Martirosyan 210, 338
93   Czech vědět ˈvjɛɟɛt ˈvjeɟet
98   Belarusian vedac′ ведаць ˈvʲɛdɑ̈tsʲ ˈvʲedatsʲ
91   Slovak vedieť ˈvɛɟiɛc ˈveɟiec
161   Gaelic: Irish bí a fhios ag ˈbʲiː ə ˈɪs əɡ̊ ˈbʲiː ə Øʲəsˠ əɡ Used in the construction bí + a fhios + ag, lit. "be + fear + at"
88   Polish wiedzieć ˈvʲjedʑetɕ ˈvjedʑetɕ
158   Old Irish ro·fitir r̪ˠɔˈɸʲɪd̪ʲɪrʲ r̪oˈɸʲid̪ʲərʲ
46   Avestan: Younger vaēδa 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬜𐬀 u̯ai̯ða Stem vaēδ-/vīδ-/vīθ- (OAv. vaēdā; perfect used like a present)
15   Armenian: Classical gitem գիտեմ ɡiˈtɛm ɡeit-ɛ-m
6   Greek: Ancient oĩda οἶδα óì̯da óì̯da Inf. εἰδέναι. Irregular verb; cf. notes in cognate coding.
160   Gaelic: Manx fys fis fis fios
154   Old Breton gudbut The infinitive is a compound of Old Breton guid-, Middle Breton gouz- 'to know' and -but, the verbal noun of 'to be'. Apart from the present and imperfect indicative, the finite forms are compounds of these two verbs as well.
148   Gaulish uid- Reconstructed form, based on attestations of male names.
107   Elfdalian witå ˈwɪ̀tɔ ˈwɪ̀tɔ
108   Old Swedish vita ˈvita vita
94   Sorbian: Upper wědźeć wedʒɛtʃ wedʒɛtʃ
95   Sorbian: Lower wěźeś ˈwʲɪʑeɕ ˈwɪʑeɕ
85   Slovene vedeti ˈʋèːdɛti ˈvèːdɛti
155   Middle Breton gouzout, gouzuout ˈɡuːðut Compound of Old Breton guid-, Middle Breton gouz- 'to know' and -but, the verbal noun of 'to be'.
7   Greek: New Testament oĩda οἶδα ˈyda ˈyda > 30 attestations in the NT.
90   Polabian vedącĕ vɛˈdantsɘ vɛˈdantsɘ Participe (active, present). 'znot' is (rather) It. 'conoscere' or G. 'kennen'.
89   Kashubian wiedzec ˈvjɛdzɛts ˈvjedzets
157   Breton: Treger goûd (goużoud) ˈɡuːt; ˈɡuːve-, ˈɡwiː-, ˈɡwaːɹ- ˈɡuːd; ˈɡuve-, ˈɡwiː-; ˈɡwaːr- irreg. pres.; reg. stems: gouveż-, goui-, gwoar-
151   Welsh: North gw(y)bod ˈɡubod̥ ˈɡubod generally 'gwbod'
87   Old Polish wiedzieć ˈvʲɛdʑɛtɕ ˈvʲedʑetɕ
150   Middle Welsh gwybod ɡwɨbod
92   Old Czech věděti ˈβʲeɟeci ˈvjedjetji
96   Old Novgorod věděti, vědati вѣдѣти, вѣдати ˈʋʲedʲetʲi, ˈʋʲedɑtʲi ˈvʲedʲetʲi, ˈvʲedatʲi The verb 'знати' 'znati' is never attested in a context which would clearly point to the Swadesh meaning.
86   Slovene: Kostel vedeti ve̝ːit ve̝ːjt
84   Slovene: Early Modern veiditi
152   Middle Cornish gothfos ˈɡoðvəs
153   Late Cornish gothaz, guthvas ˈɡoðəz, ˈɡoðvəz
156   Breton: Gwened gouied, goui- ɡujɛt, ɡuj-
123   German: Bernese wüsse ʋ̥ʏssə ʋ̥ʏssə
119   Old High German wizzan ˈwis̻s̻an ˈwis̻s̻an
113   Old Frisian weta ˈweta ˈweta
120   Middle High German wizzen ˈwis̻s̻ən ˈwis̻s̻ən
111   Old English witan ˈwitɑn ˈwitɑn
118   Old Saxon uuitan ˈwitan ˈwitan
115   Middle Dutch weten ˈweːtən ˈweːtən
102   Old Icelandic vita ˈwita ˈwita
101   Gothic witan 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 ˈwitan ˈwitan
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk vite ˈʋiːtə ˈʋiːtɛ
References
  • Beekes, Robert: 1053
    S.v. οἶδα 'to know' < PIE *u̯eid- 'see, look, know'. The stem reflects an old perfect form *u̯oi̯d-h₂e.
  • Cheung, Johnny: 408-409
    S.v. Proto-Iranic *u̯aid- (1) 'to know', from PIE (pf. stem) *u̯oid- 'to know' (cf. Gk. οἶδα, Arm. gitel, OIr. ro-fetar, MW gwyr, OCS vědě, Goth. wait, witum, ON vita, OE witan 'to know', Engl. wit, etc.).
  • Derksen, Rick: 566
    S.v. Old Prussian waist 'know', from PIE *uoid- (cf. Skt. véda, Gk. οἶδα, Goth. 3.sg. wait).
  • Derksen, Rick: 518
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *věděti 'know', from PIE *uoid- (cf. Skt. véda, Gk. οἶδα, Goth. 3.sg. wait).
  • Kroonen, Guus: 589
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *witan- 'know', from PIE uoid-.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 211
    S.v. Arm. *gēt- 'to know', from PIE *u̯ei̯d- 'to know, be acquainted with' (cf. Skt. ved- 'to know', Goth. wait 'he knows', etc.).
  • Matasović, Ranko: 422-423
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *wi-n-d-o- 'find, experience', from PIE *u̯ei̯d- 'see, know' (cf. Skt. vindáti 'finds', Lat. videō, Arm. gitem 'know').
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:579-581
    S.v. Ved. √ved- (1) 'finden, entdecken, erlangen' (2) 'wissen, kennen', from PIE u̯ei̯d- 'sehen, erblicken' (cf. Lat. vidēre, OCS viděti, etc.).
  • Rix, Helmut: 665-667
    S.v. *u̯ei̯d- 'erblicken' (IEW 1125-7). See perfect forms *u̯ói̯d-/u̯id- 'weiß, wissen'.