Cognate Set 309 – Meaning: stand

IE-CoR reference form:
*steh₂-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Anatolian, Hellenic, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic derivatives from PIE *steh₂- 'to position (oneself), stand' (LIV² 590-592, cf. Kloekhorst 2008:879-880, Beekes 2010:601, EWAia II:764-766, ALEW 981-982, Derksen 2015:430, Derksen 2008:465-466, 468, Seebold 1970:464-465, Kroonen 2013:473, 477, de Vaan 2008:589-590, Matasović 2009:338).
Found in clades:
Anatolian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 9 clades by 101 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
79   Bulgarian stoâ стоя stuˈjɤ stoˈjɤ
98   Belarusian staâc′ стаяць stɑ̈ˈjatsʲ staˈjatsʲ
93   Czech stát stɑ̈ːt staːt
110   Danish stå ˈsdɔˀ
116   Dutch staan stan
112   English stand stænd
104   Faroese standa ˈstand̥a
117   Flemish staen
114   Frisian stean stɪ.ən
122   German stehen ˈʃteːən ˈʃteːhən
8   Greek: Modern Std stékomai στέκομαι ˈste̞ko̞me̞ ˈste̞ko̞me̞ Remodelled from Hellenistic (ἐ)στηκω, originally adapted from Ancient Greek ἕστηκα, perfect stem of ἵστημι 'stand'.
103   Icelandic standa ˈstand̥a
161   Gaelic: Irish bí ina sheasamh ˈbʲiː ˈsʲæsˠə̃vˠ ˈbʲiː ˈsʲasˠəṽˠ
76   Lithuanian stovė́ti stoːˈʋeːtʲɪ stoːˈveːtɪ
95   Sorbian: Lower stojaś ˈstɔjɑ̈ɕ ˈstojaɕ
94   Sorbian: Upper stać stɑ̈tʃ statʃ
80   Macedonian stoi стои ˈsto̞.i ˈsto.i
67   Persian: Tehran īstādan ایستادن iːstʰɒːˈdæn istɒdɒn
88   Polish stać stɑ̈tɕ statɕ
105   Norwegian: Bokmål stå stoː stoː
97   Russian stoât' стоять stɐˈjɑ̈tsʲ stoˈjatʲ
134   Sardinian: Logudoro istare isˈtarɛ isˈtarɛ
83   Serbo-Croat stajati ˈstɑ̈̌jɑ̈ti ˈstǎjati
91   Slovak stáť stɑ̈ːc staːc
85   Slovene stati ˈstɑ̈̀ːti ˈstàːti
109   Swedish stå stoː
99   Ukrainian stoâti стояти stɔˈjɑ̈tɪ̽ stoˈjatɪ
124   Latin stāre staːre staːre stō, stāre, stetī, statum
121   Luxembourgish stoen ˈʃtoːən ˈʃtoːən
74   Latvian stāvēt ˈstɑːvɛːt stɑːvɛːt
77   Old Prussian stānintei
6   Greek: Ancient hístēmi ἵστημι hístɛːmi hístɛːmi Inf. ἱστάναι.
159   Gaelic: Scottish seasamh ʃesəv (state)
78   Old Church Slavonic stojati стояти stɔjati stojati
21   Vedic: Early sthā- स्था- stʰaː stʰaː- root
46   Avestan: Younger hištaiti 𐬵𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 hiʃtati
2   Luvian tā(i)- ta-a-i (CL) Native script form is 3.sg.pres.act.
158   Old Irish do·airissedar d̪ɔˈarʲɪsʲɛðˠʊrˠ doˈarʲəsʲəðər
65   Old Persian hišta 𐏃𐏁𐎫 hiʃta The word 𐏃𐏁𐎫𐎫𐎹 : is commonly read as 3pl. hištanti
147   Umbrian stahu Native script: staheren (3.pl.fut., Ib 19), Latin script: stahitu (3.sg.imptv., VIb 56), stahituto (3.pl.imptv., VIb 53), Paleo-Umbrian form: stahu (1.sg.pres., Um 10, Um 11).
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini rawestiya ye rɑwæstijɑ jæ
160   Gaelic: Manx shassoo ˈʃazu ˈʃasu seasamh
154   Old Breton sab / to
149   Old Welsh cf. sebedlauc seβeðlauɡ deverb. adj. 'standing'
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese stékou στέκου ˈste̞ku ˈste̞ku
107   Elfdalian standa ˈstɑ̀ndɑ ˈstɑ̀ndɑ
108   Old Swedish standa ˈstanda standa
26   Maithili ṭhāṛ rahanā ठाड़ रहना ʈʰɑɽ ɾəhnɑ
155   Middle Breton bezaff / lesell / seuell en e sav ˈbeːðaṽ / ˈleːselː / ˈseːvelː en e saːv As in French, there is no verb 'to stand' in Breton. IN Middle Breton the concept is expressed by light-verb constructions, combining the verbs bezaff 'to be',seuell 'to rise up' or lesell 'to leave' with the noun phrase en e (he etc.) sav, eus e sav 'in his/her standing'.
7   Greek: New Testament hístēmi ἵστημι ˈiste̝mi ˈiste̝mi > 30 attestations in the NT.
49   Khotanese ṣṭäte ʂʈəðɛ ʂʈəðe Stem ṣṭ-, past stāta-
90   Polabian stot stɔt stot
89   Kashubian stac stɑ̈ts stats
66   Middle Persian īstēd ʿystyd iːst- iːsteːd AF ʿst-, past ʿystʾd-; ZP ʾyst-, past ʾystʾt- (note: Durkin-Meisterernst 2004: 99 transcribes ēstēd/estēd)
55   Parthian īštēd ʿštyd iːʃteːd iːʃteːd AF ʿyšt-, past ʿ(y)štʾd- (Durkin-Meisterernst 2004: 94 reads išt-/ēšt-); cf. frequent awešt-
146   Oscan staít Native script: staít (3.sg.pres., TA B 22), stahínt (3.pl.pres., Cp 25), stahint (3.pl.pres., Cp 25), staíet (3.pl.pres., CA B 31, Cp 24), stai[ (parsing unclear, Sa 17), staieffud (3.sg.pf.?, Cp 31), eestínt (3.pl.pres., TA B 1.3) w/ preverb ē-.
11   Greek: Cypriot stékō στέκω ˈstɛkɔ ˈstɛkɔ Alternative form: στέκουμαι.
14   Tsakonian: Propontis stékō στέκω ˈste̞ko̞ ˈste̞ko̞
9   Greek: Cappadocian sték(n)ō στέκ(ν)ω ˈstek(n)o ˈstek(n)o also /ˈste(ɣ/x)no/
10   Greek: Pontic stékō στέκω ˈste̞ko̞ ˈste̞ko̞
12   Greek: Italiot stékō στέκω ˈste̞ko̞ ˈste̞ko̞ Cal.; /ˈste̞o̞/ Ap.
75   Latgalian stuovēt ˈstuɔvæːtʲ stuɔveːtʲ
135   Anglo-Norman ester
35   Palula uthí hóonsa اُتھیۡ ہونسہ uˈt̪ʰi ˈɦõ̤ːsa utʰí hóonsa
157   Breton: Treger sevel, sav- (stand up), beżã en e sav (be standing) ˈze̝ːvël, ˈzaːv-, ˈbe̝ːã n i ˈzaː ˈze̝vël, ˈzav-, ˈbe̝-ã n i ˈzaː
156   Breton: Gwened sewel, saw-, boud ba i saw səɥəl, säɥ-, bud ba i säɥ
151   Welsh: North sefyll ˈsɛvɨɬ ˈsevɨɬ
87   Old Polish stać stɒːtɕ, sta̠tɕ staːtɕ, staɕ
150   Middle Welsh sefyll sevɨɬ
92   Old Czech státi ˈstɑ̈ːci ˈstaːtji
96   Old Novgorod stojati стояти stɔˈjætʲi stɔˈjætʲi
100   Rusyn stojátɪ stɔˈjɑ̈tɘ̟ stoˈjatɪ
22   Pali tiṭṭhati tɪʈʈʰɐtɪ tiʈʈʰati
86   Slovene: Kostel stati stɑ̈ːt staːt
84   Slovene: Early Modern ſtati
123   German: Bernese stah ʃtaː ʃtaː
37   Gawarbati wuṭ bik وُٹ بِک ʋʊ˞ɖˈbik wuʈ bik
63   Mazanderani herestāe herestɒe
68   Bakhtiari vāstādak ʋɑstɑð̞ak ʋɑstɑdak
61   Raji: Barzoki ʋeštạdạ veʃt̪a̠ˁd̪a̠ˁ ʋeʃt̪a̠ˁd̪a̠ˁ
64   Balochi: Sistani oštata oʃtætæ
62   Tati baštā bæʃta
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi awasıt æwæsɨt
48   Sogdian ōštit ʾwšṭyyṭ oːʃtit MS, CS ʾwšt-, reading uncertain
69   Delvari vejsejen vejsejen
70   Lari avayse avajse
58   Kurdish S.: Elami wısāga wɘ̟sɒɡa
126   Megleno-Romanian stári
119   Old High German stān staːn staːn
113   Old Frisian stān staːn staːn
120   Middle High German stân staːn staːn
111   Old English standan ˈstɑndɑn ˈstɑndɑn
118   Old Saxon standan ˈstandan ˈstandan
115   Middle Dutch staen staːn staːn
102   Old Icelandic standa ˈstanda ˈstanda
101   Gothic standan 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 ˈstandan ˈstandan
24   Assamese thiẏ hûwā থিয় হোৱা tʰij hʊɑ
152   Middle Cornish sevel ˈsevəl
153   Late Cornish seval, saval ˈsevəl, ˈsavəl
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk stå stoː stoː
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh a-ws-ē æwseː
References
  • Beekes, Robert: 601
    S.v. ἵστημι 'to make stand, set up, take position, bring to a standstill, etc.' < PIE *steh₂- 'stand, set'.
  • Derksen, Rick: 465-466, 468
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *stati 'stand, become' from PIE *steh₂- and Proto-Slavic *stojati 'stand' from PIE *stoh₂- (cf. Skt. tiṣthati, Gk. ἵστημι, Lat. stāre).
  • Derksen, Rick: 430
    S.v. Lith. stovė́ti 'stand' (Latv. stãvẽt), from PIE *sth₂-ẽu- (cf. OE stowian 'keep from').
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 981-982
    S.v. OLith. stovė́ti 'stehen' (BSl. Latv. stãvêt 'stehen; sein, bestehen, bleiben, dauern, währen', OCS staviti 'stellen, zum Stehen beginnen', etc.). Lith. stovė́ti and its cognates become to the IE root *steh₂- 'wohin treten, sich hinstellen' (cf. Lith. stóti). The following u̯-element in the stem formation (as though from *steh₂-u̯- has been variously explained [cf. ALEW entry for further discussion and references to further literature].
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 879-880
    Cf. s.v. tii̯e/a- 'to step, to go stand, to place oneself, to set in' (cf. CLuw. tā- 'to come to stand', HLuw. ta- 'to come to stand', tanu- 'to set up, erect, establish', from PIE *(s)th₂-i̯e/o-.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 473, 477
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *standan- 'to stand', and *stēn- 'to stand', two stems in suppletion with one another, but both ultimately derivatives of PIE *steh₂- 'stand'. The vocalism of *stēn- can be accounted for in different ways (cf. entry s.v. *stēn- for further discussion), but the best solution for the root vocalism is probably on analogy to *gēn- 'go' (cf. Seebold 1970:464-465).
  • Matasović, Ranko: 338
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *si-sta- 'put, stand', from PIE *steh₂- (cf. Lat. stō, stāre, Gk. ἵστημι, Lith. stóti, OCS stojati, OHG stān).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:764-766
    S.v. Ved. √sthā- 'stehen, dastehen, still stehen, verweilen' (OAv., YAv. xšta-, YAv. hišta- 'stehen'), from PIE *steh₂- (cf. Gk. ἵστημι, Lat. sistere, status 'stellen', OHG stān 'stehen', Lith. stóti 'sich hinstellen', Latv. stât 'stellen', OCS stati 'sich stellen, treten', Luw. ta- 'stehen, zum Stehen kommen').
  • Rix, Helmut: 590-592
    S.v. *steh₂- 'wohin treten, sich hinstellen' (IEW 1004-1008). Cf. LIV entry for variety of derived verbal stems attested in the individual branches.
  • Seebold, Elmar: 464-465
    Cf. s.v. Proto-Germanic *stǣ- 'stehen'. The vocalism ē against ā in other languages is unexplained. One generally assumes an original *stō- modified on analogy to *gǣ- 'gehen', although other explanations are possible.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 589-590
    S.v. Lat. stō, stāre 'to stand; to halt', from PIE *sth₂-eh₁-i̯e/o- 'to stand'.