Cognate Set 5058 – Meaning: shadow

IE-CoR reference form:
*s⁽k̑⁾eH-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*s⁽k̑⁾eh₃- [Proto-Indo-European] scale: 3
Justification:
Tocharian, Hellenic, Albanian, Indo-Iranic, and Slavic lexemes continuing derivatives of a PIE root *s⁽k̑⁾eH- where the indeterminate laryngeal is probably *-h₂- on the basis of Ancient Greek σκηνή (West Greek σκᾱνᾱ́) 'tent' < *'cloth to provide shade' < *s⁽k̑⁾eh₂-néh₂ (Beekes 2010:1350-1351). Also attested in Greek is σκότος 'darkness, gloom' which must formally continue *s⁽k̑⁾h₃-to- (Beekes 2010:1359-1360). It is probably best to separate these as distinct roots, although formally they may well be (sandhi?) variants of one another at the PIE level. For further discussion cf. Adams 2013:773, Beekes 2010:1350-1351, Andriotis 1974:498, Demiraj 1997:201, Orel 1998:147-148, EWAia I:559-560, Turner 1962–1966:275-276 no. 5027, Derksen 2008:447).
Found in clades:
Albanian, Balto-Slavic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough, Lechosław Jocz
Found in 5 clades by 57 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
6   Greek: Ancient skía σκία skíaː skíaː G.sg. σκίας
7   Greek: New Testament skía σκία ˈsk(i/j)a ˈskia
8   Greek: Modern Std skiá σκιά sciˈa skiˈa
76   Old Church Slavonic sěnĭ сѣнь sænɪ̆ sænɪ Probably a shadow of a thing and not of a person?
93   Sorbian: Lower seń seɲ seɲ Shadow a thing (like a tree or a house) is 'chłodk'.
83   Slovene senca ˈséːntsɑ̈ ˈséːntsa
78   Macedonian senka сенка ˈse̞ŋkɑ̈ ˈsenka
77   Bulgarian sânka сянка ˈsʲɑ̈ŋkə ˈsjanka
81   Serbo-Croat sjena ˈsjɛ̂nɑ̈ ˈsjêna Ekavian variant: 'sena' /ˈsêna/ [ˈsɛ̂nɑ̈].
66   Middle Persian sāyag sʾyg sɑːˈjaɣ saːjaɡ ZP sʾdk
54   Kurdish N.: Bahdini siber sibær
53   Parthian sayāg syʾg saˈjɑːɡ sajaːɡ
19   Vedic: Early chāyā́ छाया tɕʰaːˈjaː tɕhaːjáː
33   Palula čhay چھئیۡ tɕʰaj tɕʰaj
9   Greek: Cappadocian skiad σκιαδ scaθ skiað also /ˈskiav(os)/, /skiet/
10   Greek: Pontic iškiá ισ̌κιά iˈʃca iˈʃkia also /e̞ˈʃkia/
11   Greek: Cypriot oššiá οσ̆σ̆ιά ɔˈʃːɐ ɔˈʃʃɐ Alternative form: νοσ̆σ̆ιά.
12   Greek: Italiot oššía oσ̌σ̌ία o̞ˈʃʃia o̞ˈʃia Cal; /(a)ˈʃio̞/ Ap.; /(i)ˈʃio̞/
17   Albanian: Standard hije
4   Tocharian B skiyo ˈskijo skəjo
24   Maithili achāh अछाह ətʃʰɑh
25   Magahi parachāi परछाई pəɾətʃʰɑi
26   Bhojpuri parchāīṁ परछाईं pəɾtʃʰɑĩ
32   Kashmiri tshay ژھ ائے tsʰɑːj tsʰɑːj
67   Persian: Tehran sāyeh سایه sɒi̯e
73   Latgalian susātivs ˈsusaːtʲiʋs susaːtʲivs
31   Marathi sāvalī सावली saʋliː
21   Sinhalese hevaṇælla භෙවණැල්ල
71   Kumzari sāya saːjɐ saːjɐ
79   Macedonian: Suho s′ä̀ŋka ˈsʲæŋkɐ ˈsænka
80   Macedonian: Visoka s′ä̀ŋka ˈsʲæŋkɐ ˈsænka
20   Pali chāyā tɕʰaːjaː tɕʰaːjaː
51   Yaghnobi siyṓka siyṓka
84   Slovene: Kostel senca ˈse̝ːntsɑ̈ ˈse̝ːntsa
82   Slovene: Early Modern ſenza
16   Albanian: Gheg hije
46   Sogdian sayāk syʾq sai̯aːk
45   Khwarazmian sayāka syʾk sai̯aːka
36   Khowar čhaaɣ چھاغ tɕʰɑːχ tɕʰɑ̀ɣ
35   Gawarbati tshaailat څھائلت tsʰaˑɪˈl̪ɛt̪ tsʰaːjlat GM ċh'āilat, ċ'ailat -- Not convinced about aspiration
44   Avestan: Younger saiiā 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 sai̯aː only in the adjective asaiia- "without shadow"
18   Albanian: Arbëresh heja ˈxeːja
48   Pashto sore سورۍ ˈso.re sore
37   Pashai: North-West saau ساوو ˈsaːʊ saːwu
61   Mazanderani sāye sɒje
68   Bakhtiari sāye sɑje sɑje
59   Raji: Barzoki sạyạ sa̠ˁja̠ˁ sa̠ˁja̠ˁ
69   Delvari sejæ sejæ
70   Lari sāya sɒja
62   Balochi: Sistani sāheg sɑheɡ
60   Tati seynakā sejnæka
55   Kurdish C.: Jafi sewırk sewɨrk
56   Kurdish S.: Elami sā sɒ
34   Gawri čhǟy چھاٞئے tɕʰaːɪʔ tɕʰaːj L?
50   Sarikoli suyo sujo no etymological information in Morgenstierne (1974); vocalism is closer to Parthian than to Persian
30   Punjabi parcʰāvāⁿ ਪਰਛਾਵਾਂ
57   Kurdish S.: Qorveh sā sɑ
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 773
    S.v. TochB skiyo 'shade, shadow', from PIE *sk̑oihª (gen. *sk̑ii̯éhªs-) 'shade, shadow' (cf. Gk. σκιά 'shadow', Alb. hije 'shadow', Av. asaya- 'who throws no shadow', Skt. chāyā́ 'shade, shadow, etc.).
  • Andriotis, Nikolaos: 498
    S.v. AGk. σκία 'Schatten' > Cypriot and Italiot οσ̆σ̆ιά related to Ancient Greek σκία (cf. also s.v. the AGk. diminutive σκαδίον).
  • Beekes, Robert: 1350-1351
    Cf. s.v. σκιά 'shade' (< PIE *skeh₂-ih₂, gen. *skh₂-ieh₂-s 'shadow') and s.v. σκότος 'darkness, dark' (< PIE *skeh₃t- or *skoto- 'shadow, dark'). Note p.1351 "The relation [of Gk. σκιά] with σκότος is unclear". (Cf. Skt. chāyā́ 'shadow', Av. a-saiia 'who casts no shadow'.)
  • Demiraj, Bardhyl: 201
    S.v. Alb. hí/e, -a 'Schatten', connected to Ved. chāya-, Gk. σκιά, TochB skio, etc. < *sk̑éh₁-ih₂.
  • Derksen, Rick: 447
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *sěnь 'shadow', from PIE *skoHi-n(-i)- (cf. Skt. chāyā́-, 'shadow, reflection', Gk. σκιά 'shadow'. Alb. hije 'shadow').
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:559-560
    S.v. Ved. chāyā́- f. 'Schatten; Widerschein, Abbild' < PIE *sk̑eh₁-i̯éh₂- (cf. Gk. σκιά, Alb. hije, TochB skiyo 'Schatten').
  • Orel, Vladimir: 147-148
    S.v. Alb. hije 'shadow', a singularised plural of an archaic hē, going back to Proto-Albanian *skijā, connected with PIE *sk̑āi- ~ *sk̑ī- (cf. Skt. chāyā́-. Gk. σκιά, etc.).
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    The communis opinio is that the relationship between the lexemes in [cognate set 5058](cog-5058) and [cognate set 8269](cog-8269) have irreconcilable root reconstructions and must be separated into *s⁽k̑⁾eh₂- and *s⁽k̑⁾eh₃-. Cognacy has been thus assigned in this manner according to the main etymological authorities. The reconstruction of two separate roots, however crucially hinges on the interpretation of the Greek evidence: Germanic lexemes from PGmc. *skadu- < *s⁽k̑⁾H-tu- appear to be a close parallel formation to Greek σκοτός 'darkness' which reflect earlier *s⁽k̑⁾h₃-tó-. These are potentially different roots, but this is based entirely on the witness of the Greek evidence. In any case, the difference is based on disagreement over root-final *h₂ vs. *h₃. The identity of the laryngeal in σκία < *skh₂-ih₂ is assumed from Att.-Ion. σκηνή, West Greek σκᾱνᾱ́ 'tent' < 'cloth to provide shade' < (transponat) *skeh₂-néh₂ (cf. Beekes 2010, s.v. σκία). In Ancient Greek does exist another example of a doublet of root-final *h₂ vs. *h₃, namely the dialectal doublet of Attic-Ionic πρῶτος 'first' (ostensibly from *pr̥h₃-to-) against West Greek πρᾶτος 'first' (ostensibly from < *pr̥h₂-to-), cf. Ved. pūrvá- 'first' (formally from *pr̥H-u̯ó-). One could imagine there may have been some inner-Greek phonological or derivational reason to account for the discrepancy in vocalism. It seems therefore very possible, in view of the phonological and semantic similarities, that the Tocharian, Greek, Albanian, Indo-Iranian, and Balto-Slavic lexemes in [cognate set 5058](cog-5058) and the Celtic and Germanic lexemes (+Gk. σκότος) in [cognate set 8269](cog-8269) go back to the same root etymology with differing derivational morphology. Cognacy has been coded, however, according to the prevailing opinion.
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 275-276
    S.v. 5027 Ved. chāyā́- f. 'shade, shadow, reflection' RV.