Cognate Set 5058 – Meaning: shadow

IE-CoR reference form:
*s⁽k̑⁾eH-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*s⁽k̑⁾eh₃- [Proto-Indo-European] scale: 3
Justification:
Tocharian, Hellenic, Albanian, Indo-Iranic, and Slavic lexemes continuing derivatives of a PIE root *s⁽k̑⁾eH- where the indeterminate laryngeal is probably *-h₂- on the basis of Ancient Greek σκηνή (West Greek σκᾱνᾱ́) 'tent' < *'cloth to provide shade' < *s⁽k̑⁾eh₂-néh₂ (Beekes 2010:1350-1351). Also attested in Greek is σκότος 'darkness, gloom' which must formally continue *s⁽k̑⁾h₃-to- (Beekes 2010:1359-1360). It is probably best to separate these as distinct roots, although formally they may well be (sandhi?) variants of one another at the PIE level. For further discussion cf. Adams 2013:773, Beekes 2010:1350-1351, Andriotis 1974:498, Demiraj 1997:201, Orel 1998:147-148, EWAia I:559-560, Turner 1962–1966:275-276 no. 5027, Derksen 2008:447).
Found in clades:
Albanian, Baltic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough, Lechosław Jocz
Found in 7 clades by 59 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
6   Greek: Ancient skía σκία skíaː skíaː G.sg. σκίας
7   Greek: New Testament skía σκία ˈsk(i/j)a ˈskia
8   Greek: Modern Std skiá σκιά sciˈa skiˈa
78   Old Church Slavonic sěnĭ сѣнь sænɪ̆ sænɪ Probably a shadow of a thing and not of a person?
95   Sorbian: Lower seń seɲ seɲ Shadow a thing (like a tree or a house) is 'chłodk'.
85   Slovene senca ˈséːntsɑ̈ ˈséːntsa
80   Macedonian senka сенка ˈse̞ŋkɑ̈ ˈsenka
79   Bulgarian sânka сянка ˈsʲɑ̈ŋkə ˈsjanka
83   Serbo-Croat sjena ˈsjɛ̂nɑ̈ ˈsjêna Ekavian variant: 'sena' /ˈsêna/ [ˈsɛ̂nɑ̈].
66   Middle Persian sāyag sʾyg sɑːˈjaɣ saːjaɡ ZP sʾdk
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini siber sibær
55   Parthian sayāg syʾg saˈjɑːɡ sajaːɡ
21   Vedic: Early chāyā́ छाया tɕʰaːˈjaː tɕhaːjáː
35   Palula čhay چھئیۡ tɕʰaj tɕʰaj
9   Greek: Cappadocian skiad σκιαδ scaθ skiað also /ˈskiav(os)/, /skiet/
10   Greek: Pontic iškiá ισ̌κιά iˈʃca iˈʃkia also /e̞ˈʃkia/
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese stsádi στσάδι ˈstsaði ˈstsaði
14   Tsakonian: Propontis stsä́di στσα̈́δι ˈstsæði ˈstsiaði
11   Greek: Cypriot oššiá οσ̆σ̆ιά ɔˈʃːɐ ɔˈʃʃɐ Alternative form: νοσ̆σ̆ιά.
12   Greek: Italiot oššía oσ̌σ̌ία o̞ˈʃʃia o̞ˈʃia Cal; /(a)ˈʃio̞/ Ap.; /(i)ˈʃio̞/
19   Albanian: Standard hije
4   Tocharian B skiyo ˈskijo skəjo
26   Maithili achāh अछाह ətʃʰɑh
27   Magahi parachāi परछाई pəɾətʃʰɑi
28   Bhojpuri parchāīṁ परछाईं pəɾtʃʰɑĩ
34   Kashmiri tshay ژھ ائے tsʰɑːj tsʰɑːj
67   Persian: Tehran sāyeh سایه sɒi̯e
75   Latgalian susātivs ˈsusaːtʲiʋs susaːtʲivs
33   Marathi sāvalī सावली saʋliː
23   Sinhalese hevaṇælla භෙවණැල්ල
71   Kumzari sāya saːjɐ saːjɐ
81   Macedonian: Suho s′ä̀ŋka ˈsʲæŋkɐ ˈsænka
82   Macedonian: Visoka s′ä̀ŋka ˈsʲæŋkɐ ˈsænka
22   Pali chāyā tɕʰaːjaː tɕʰaːjaː
53   Yaghnobi siyṓka siyṓka
86   Slovene: Kostel senca ˈse̝ːntsɑ̈ ˈse̝ːntsa
84   Slovene: Early Modern ſenza
18   Albanian: Gheg hije
48   Sogdian sayāk syʾq sai̯aːk
47   Khwarazmian sayāka syʾk sai̯aːka
38   Khowar čhaaɣ چھاغ tɕʰɑːχ tɕʰɑ̀ɣ
37   Gawarbati tshaailat څھائلت tsʰaˑɪˈl̪ɛt̪ tsʰaːjlat GM ċh'āilat, ċ'ailat -- Not convinced about aspiration
46   Avestan: Younger saiiā 𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁 sai̯aː only in the adjective asaiia- "without shadow"
20   Albanian: Arbëresh heja ˈxeːja
50   Pashto sore سورۍ ˈso.re sore
39   Pashai: North-West saau ساوو ˈsaːʊ saːwu
63   Mazanderani sāye sɒje
68   Bakhtiari sāye sɑje sɑje
61   Raji: Barzoki sạyạ sa̠ˁja̠ˁ sa̠ˁja̠ˁ
69   Delvari sejæ sejæ
70   Lari sāya sɒja
64   Balochi: Sistani sāheg sɑheɡ
62   Tati seynakā sejnæka
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi sewırk sewɨrk
58   Kurdish S.: Elami sā sɒ
36   Gawri čhǟy چھاٞئے tɕʰaːɪʔ tɕʰaːj L?
52   Sarikoli suyo sujo no etymological information in Morgenstierne (1974); vocalism is closer to Parthian than to Persian
32   Punjabi parcʰāvāⁿ ਪਰਛਾਵਾਂ
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh sā sɑ
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 773
    S.v. TochB skiyo 'shade, shadow', from PIE *sk̑oihª (gen. *sk̑ii̯éhªs-) 'shade, shadow' (cf. Gk. σκιά 'shadow', Alb. hije 'shadow', Av. asaya- 'who throws no shadow', Skt. chāyā́ 'shade, shadow, etc.).
  • Andriotis, Nikolaos: 498
    S.v. AGk. σκία 'Schatten' > Cypriot and Italiot οσ̆σ̆ιά related to Ancient Greek σκία (cf. also s.v. the AGk. diminutive σκαδίον).
  • Beekes, Robert: 1350-1351
    Cf. s.v. σκιά 'shade' (< PIE *skeh₂-ih₂, gen. *skh₂-ieh₂-s 'shadow') and s.v. σκότος 'darkness, dark' (< PIE *skeh₃t- or *skoto- 'shadow, dark'). Note p.1351 "The relation [of Gk. σκιά] with σκότος is unclear". (Cf. Skt. chāyā́ 'shadow', Av. a-saiia 'who casts no shadow'.)
  • Demiraj, Bardhyl: 201
    S.v. Alb. hí/e, -a 'Schatten', connected to Ved. chāya-, Gk. σκιά, TochB skio, etc. < *sk̑éh₁-ih₂.
  • Derksen, Rick: 447
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *sěnь 'shadow', from PIE *skoHi-n(-i)- (cf. Skt. chāyā́-, 'shadow, reflection', Gk. σκιά 'shadow'. Alb. hije 'shadow').
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:559-560
    S.v. Ved. chāyā́- f. 'Schatten; Widerschein, Abbild' < PIE *sk̑eh₁-i̯éh₂- (cf. Gk. σκιά, Alb. hije, TochB skiyo 'Schatten').
  • Orel, Vladimir: 147-148
    S.v. Alb. hije 'shadow', a singularised plural of an archaic hē, going back to Proto-Albanian *skijā, connected with PIE *sk̑āi- ~ *sk̑ī- (cf. Skt. chāyā́-. Gk. σκιά, etc.).
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    The communis opinio is that the relationship between the lexemes in [cognate set 5058](cog-5058) and [cognate set 8269](cog-8269) have irreconcilable root reconstructions and must be separated into *s⁽k̑⁾eh₂- and *s⁽k̑⁾eh₃-. Cognacy has been thus assigned in this manner according to the main etymological authorities. The reconstruction of two separate roots, however crucially hinges on the interpretation of the Greek evidence: Germanic lexemes from PGmc. *skadu- < *s⁽k̑⁾H-tu- appear to be a close parallel formation to Greek σκοτός 'darkness' which reflect earlier *s⁽k̑⁾h₃-tó-. These are potentially different roots, but this is based entirely on the witness of the Greek evidence. In any case, the difference is based on disagreement over root-final *h₂ vs. *h₃. The identity of the laryngeal in σκία < *skh₂-ih₂ is assumed from Att.-Ion. σκηνή, West Greek σκᾱνᾱ́ 'tent' < 'cloth to provide shade' < (transponat) *skeh₂-néh₂ (cf. Beekes 2010, s.v. σκία). In Ancient Greek does exist another example of a doublet of root-final *h₂ vs. *h₃, namely the dialectal doublet of Attic-Ionic πρῶτος 'first' (ostensibly from *pr̥h₃-to-) against West Greek πρᾶτος 'first' (ostensibly from < *pr̥h₂-to-), cf. Ved. pūrvá- 'first' (formally from *pr̥H-u̯ó-). One could imagine there may have been some inner-Greek phonological or derivational reason to account for the discrepancy in vocalism. It seems therefore very possible, in view of the phonological and semantic similarities, that the Tocharian, Greek, Albanian, Indo-Iranian, and Balto-Slavic lexemes in [cognate set 5058](cog-5058) and the Celtic and Germanic lexemes (+Gk. σκότος) in [cognate set 8269](cog-8269) go back to the same root etymology with differing derivational morphology. Cognacy has been coded, however, according to the prevailing opinion.
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 275-276
    S.v. 5027 Ved. chāyā́- f. 'shade, shadow, reflection' RV.