Cognate Set 5112 – Meaning: grind

IE-CoR reference form:
*melh₂-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Anatolian, Indic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes derived from PIE *melh₂- 'to crush, grind' (LIV² 432-433; cf. Kloekhorst 2008 547-548, ALEW 610-611, Derksen 2015:302-303, ESSJa 18:90-91, Derksen 2008:307}, Kroonen 2013:351, de Vaan 2008:386-387, Vendryes et al. 1959–1996 B:58, M:32, Matasović 2009:255).
Found in clades:
Anatolian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 6 clades by 68 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
124   Latin molere moɫere molere molō, molere, moluī, molitum
154   Old Breton malaff* Attested in the verbal adjective malectic gl. contritum 'grinded'.
155   Middle Breton malaff ˈmaːlaṽ
90   Polabian mlåt mlɒt mlɒt
89   Kashubian młoc, mielëc ˈmwɔts, mjɛlɛts ˈmwots, mjelʌts
78   Old Church Slavonic mlěti млѣти mlæti mlæti
88   Polish mleć, mielić mlɛtɕ, ˈmjelʲitɕ mletɕ, ˈmjelitɕ
95   Sorbian: Lower mlaś mlʲɑ̈ɕ mlaɕ
94   Sorbian: Upper mlěć mlʲɪtʃ mlɪtʃ
85   Slovene mleti ˈmlèːti ˈmlèːti
93   Czech mlít mliːt mliːt
91   Slovak mlieť mliɛc mliec
99   Ukrainian moloti молоти mɔˈɫɔtɪ̽ moˈlotɪ
98   Belarusian maloc′ малоць mɑ̈ˈɫɔtsʲ maˈlotsʲ
97   Russian molot' молоть mɐˈɫɔtsʲ moˈlotʲ
80   Macedonian mele меле ˈme̞lɛ ˈmele
79   Bulgarian melâ меля ˈmɛlʲə ˈmeljɤ
83   Serbo-Croat mljeti ˈmɫjɛ̂ti ˈmljêti Ekavian variant: 'mleti' /ˈmlêti/ [ˈmɫɛ̂ti].
147   Umbrian kumaletu Attested with preverb com- (cf. Lat. commolere 'grind up'; Native script: kumaltu (3.sg.imptv., IIa 9, 41, IV 28), kumultu (3.sg.imptv., Ia 34), kumates (past pass.part., abl.pl.n., Ia 34, IIa 42, IV 29), kumate (Ib 37, 38, IIa 10). Latin script: comoltu (3.sg.imptv., VIb, 17, 41, VIIA 39, 44, 45), comatir (past pass.part., abl.sg.n., VIb 17, 41 (2x), VIIa 39, 44, 45). Perhaps also as past passive participle without preverb in native script maletu (acc.sg.m., IIa 18).
1   Hittite malla- / mall- ma-al-la-i
74   Latvian malt mɑlt mɑlt
75   Latgalian maļt malʲtʲ malʲtʲ
76   Lithuanian málti ˈmɑˑltʲɪ ˈmaˑltɪ
103   Icelandic mala
104   Faroese mala
105   Norwegian: Bokmål male ˈmɑ̀ːlə ˈmɑ̀ːlɛ
107   Elfdalian målå
108   Old Swedish mala ˈmaːla mala
109   Swedish mala
110   Danish male ˈmæːlə
122   German mahlen ˈmaːln̩ ˈmaːlən
116   Dutch fijnmalen
117   Flemish fijnmalen
142   Old Spanish moler moˈleɾ
143   Spanish moler moˈleɾ moˈleɾ
144   Portuguese moer mweɾ mweɾ
133   Sardinian: Nuoro mólere ˈmoːlɛrɛ ˈmoːlɛrɛ
135   Anglo-Norman moudre
136   French moudre mudʁə mudʁ
139   Franco-Provençal mudré ˈmydɾə ˈmydre
141   Catalan moldre ˈmɔɫðɾə ˈmɔldɾə
156   Breton: Gwened malein, mal- mälɛ̃ɲ, mäl-
157   Breton: Treger malã, mal- ˈmaːlã, ˈmaːl- ˈmalã, ˈmaːl-
151   Welsh: North malu ˈmalɨ ˈmalɨ
158   Old Irish meilid ˈmʲɛlʲɪðʲ mʲelʲəðʲ
159   Gaelic: Scottish meil mel
161   Gaelic: Irish meil ˈmʲɛlʲ ˈmʲalʲ
87   Old Polish mleć mlʲɛtɕ mlʲetɕ
150   Middle Welsh malu malʉ
92   Old Czech mléti ˈmlɛ̝ːci ˈmljeːtji
100   Rusyn molótɪ mɔˈlŭɔtɘ̟ moˈlotɪ
81   Macedonian: Suho smèl′a ˈsmʲe̞lʲɐ smelja Perfective with a prefix 's-'.
82   Macedonian: Visoka smèl′a smʲe̞lʲɐ ˈsmelja
86   Slovene: Kostel mleti mle̝t mʎe̝t
84   Slovene: Early Modern mléti, mleiti
114   Frisian mealle ˈmjɛlə
123   German: Bernese male malə malə
138   Old Occitan moulinar also: brouyar; Presumably re-formed from the noun for a 'mill', but its root is still cognate with the original verb.
140   Old Catalan molre mɔɫɾə mɔɫɾə
119   Old High German malan ˈmalan ˈmalan
120   Middle High German maln maln maln
118   Old Saxon malan ˈmalan ˈmalan
115   Middle Dutch malen ˈmaːlən ˈmaːlən
102   Old Icelandic mala ˈmala ˈmala
153   Late Cornish meliaz ˈmeljəz
160   Gaelic: Manx blieh blʲeː blʲeː bleith
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk male ˈmɑːlə ˈmɑːlɛ
145   Portuguese: Brazilian moer
References
  • Derksen, Rick: 307
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *mlěti 'grind, mill', from PIE *melH- (cf. Skt. mr̥nā́ti 'crush, grind', Hitt. malla- 'grind', Lat. molere 'grind', Goth. malan 'grind', OIr. meilid 'grind', Arm. malem 'crush').
  • Derksen, Rick: 302-303
    S.v. Lith. málti 'grind, mill', (Latv. mal̃t 'grind, mill'), from PIE *melH- (cf. Skt. mr̥ṇā́ti, 'crush, grind', Hitt. malla-i / malla- 'mill, grind', Lat. molere 'grind, mill', OIr. meilid 'grind', Goth. malan 'grind', OHG malan 'grind, mill', Arm. malem 'crush').
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 610-611
    S.v. OLith. málti 'mahlen' (BSl. Latv. mal̃t 'mahlen', OPr. malunis 'Mühle', OCS mlěti, etc.), from PIE *melh₂- 'mahlen, zerreiben' (cf. Hitt. malli, mallai 'mahlt', CLuw. mālhūta 'brach', Gk. μύλη 'Mühle, Handmühle', Arm. malem 'zerstoße', Lat. molō -ere 'mahlen', OIr. meilid 'mahlt', Goth. malan 'mahlen', etc.).
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 547-548
    S.v. malla- / mall- 'to mill, to grind', from PIE *mólh₂-ei, *mlh₂-énti.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 351
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *malan- 'to grind', from PIE *mólh₁-e- (cf. Hitt. mallai- ~ mallanzi 'to grind' < *mólh₁-ei, *mlh₁-énti; Lat. molō, -ere 'id.', Arm. malem 'to crush', Lith. málti (malù), Latv. mal̃t 'to grind' < *mólh₁-ei; OCS mlěti 'id.', Ru. molót' (meljú), SCr. mljȅti 'id.', OIr. meilid 'id.' < *melh₁-ie-; Skt. mr̥ṇā́ti 'crush, grind' < *ml-néh₁-).
  • Matasović, Ranko: 255
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *mal-o-, *mel-o- 'grind', from PIE *melh₂- 'grind'. OIr. meilid preserves the full grade of the root via *melh₂-o-, whereas the Brittonic forms can be derived from zero-grade *mlh₂-o- > *malH-o- > Proto-Celtic *mal-o-.
  • Rix, Helmut: 432-433
    S.v. *melh₂- 'zerreiben, mahlen' (IEW 716-717).
  • Trubačev, O. N.: 18: 90-91
    PS *melti is derived from PIE *mel- 'flake, grind'.
  • Vendryes, Joseph and Bachellery, Edouard and Lambert, Pierre-Yves: B:58, M:32
    Cf. s.v. OIr. bleith, mleith, verbal noun of the root mel- 'moudre' and s.v. OIr. mel-, verbal root 'moudre, écraser' (cf. Skt. mr̥ṇā́ti 'il écrase', Goth. malan, NHG mahlen, Lith. malù 'je mouds', OCS meljǫ, Lat. molō, etc.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 386-387
    S.v. Lat. molō, -ere 'to grind in a mill', from PIE *melh₂-/*mlh₂- 'to crush, grind'.