Cognate Set 6470 – Meaning: heavy

IE-CoR reference form:
*gʷerh₂-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Tocharian, Hellenic, Indo-Iranic, Baltic, Germanic, and Italic reflecting different derivatives from PIE *gʷerh₂- (cf. Hilmarsson 1996:173-174, Adams 2013:230-231, Beekes 2010:202-203, EWAia I:490-491, Turner 1962–1966:91 no.1962, Karulis 1992 I:321, Kroonen 2013:312, de Vaan 2008:272, Meyer-Lübke 1935:328 no. 3855).
Found in clades:
Baltic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 7 clades by 31 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
124   Latin grauis ˈɡrawis ˈɡrawis G.sg. grauis
21   Vedic: Early gurú- गुरु- ɡuˈɾu- ɡurú-
6   Greek: Ancient barýs βαρύς barýs barýs G.sg. βαρέως; βαρύς, βαρεῖα, βαρύ.
31   Nepali gahruṅgo गह्रुँगो ɡʌruŋɡo
8   Greek: Modern Std barýs βαρύς vaˈris vaˈris
3   Tocharian A krāmärts kramɨrts kramr-ts
4   Tocharian B kramartse krəˈmərtse kraˈmərtse Derived from krāmär 'weight, heaviness' < PIE *gʷr̥h₂-.
22   Pali garu ɡɐɾʊ ɡaru
46   Avestan: Younger gouru° 𐬔𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 ɡou̯ru only attested in a compound
49   Khotanese ggarkhä ɡɐɾkʰə ɡarkʰə
7   Greek: New Testament barýs βαρύς βaˈrys βaˈrys
66   Middle Persian garān grʾn ɡaɾɑːn ɡaraːn glʾn
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini gɨran ɡɨrɑn
55   Parthian garān grʾn ɡaˈɾɑːn ɡaraːn
14   Tsakonian: Propontis varý βαρύ vaˈri vaˈri
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese važoú βαζ̌ού vaˈʒu vaˈʒu /vaˈrie̞/ NPT
10   Greek: Pontic varýs βαρύς vaˈris vaˈris
9   Greek: Cappadocian varý βαρύ vaˈri vaˈri
11   Greek: Cypriot varetós βαρετός vɐrɛˈtɔs vɐrɛˈtɔs
12   Greek: Italiot vareío βαρείο vaˈrio̞ vaˈrio̞ Cal.; /vaˈre̞o̞/ Ap.
125   Romanian greu ɡɾew ɡrew
133   Sardinian: Nuoro gráe ˈɡraː.ɛ ˈɡraː.ɛ
35   Palula ungúru اُنگُروۡ uŋˈɡuɾo unɡúru
75   Latgalian gryuts ɡrɨuts ɡriuts
48   Sogdian γrān γrʾn ɣraːn
64   Balochi: Sistani grān ɡrɑn
47   Khwarazmian γark γrk ɣark
36   Gawri ugur اُگُور ʔʊˈɡuɾ̥ uɡur H
126   Megleno-Romanian greu̯
101   Gothic kaurus 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 ˈkɔrus ˈkɔrus
132   Milanese gréf ɡref
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 230-231
    Cf. s.v. TochB krāmär 'weight, heaviness', from a putative PIE *gʷreH-mr̥ 'heaviness'.
  • Beekes, Robert: 202-203
    S.v. βαρύς 'heavy' < PIE *gʷr̥h₂-ú- 'heavy'.
  • Hilmarsson, Jörundur: 173-174
    S.v. TochB krāmär 'weight, load', TochA krāmärts 'id.', probably from PIE *gʷreh₂-mr̥, gen.sg. *gʷr̥h₂-mén-s, with derived adj. B kramartstse* 'heavy, difficult'.
  • Karulis, Konstantīns: I:321
    Cf. s.v. Latv. grūts, from Proto-Baltic *grūtas, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷru-to-s.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 312
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *kuru- 'heavy' (Goth. kaurus* 'heavy'), from PIE *gʷrh₂-u-.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:490-491
    S.v. Ved. gurú- 'schwer, gewichtig, hart, heftig, drückend, groß', from PIE *gʷr̥h₂-u- (cf. YAv. gouru- 'heavy', Gk. βαρύς 'schwer', etc.).
  • Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm: 328
    Cf. s.v. 3855 Lat. gravis 'schwer', 2. grevis (nach levis).
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 91
    Cf. s.v. 1962 *udguru- 'very heavy' [Skt. gurú-] for Palula اُنگُروۡ uŋˈɡuɾo.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 272
    S.v. Lat. gravis 'heavy; serious, weighty', from PIE *gʷreh₂-u-. As with other u-stems in Italic, the original PIE *-u- stem was remodelled as an i-stem. (cf. Skt. gurú- 'heavy', Khot. ggarka- 'heavy, respectable', Gk. βαρύς 'heavy', Latv. grũts 'heavy, pregnant' (< *gʷrh₂-u-to-), Goth. kaurjos 'weighty, opressive', TochB krāmär 'weight, heaviness', TochA krāmärts 'heavy').