Cognate Set 211 – Meaning: eye

IE-CoR reference form:
*h₃ekʷ-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Tocharian, Hellenic, Armenian, Albanian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, and Italic lexemes continuing or derived from PIE *h₃ekʷ- 'to catch sight of, behold' (NIL, cf. Adams 2013:78-79, Beekes 2010:1077-1078, Babinotis 2010:826, Martirosyan 2010:22-23, Orel 1998:405, Holm 2011:60-61, EWAia I:42-43, Turner 1962–1966:2 no. 43, ALEW 25-27, Derksen 2015:47, ESSJa 32:41-42, Derksen 2008:365, de Vaan 2008:425)
Found in clades:
Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 10 clades by 106 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
17   Armenian: Western ačʿkʿ աչք ɑtʃʰkʰ ɑtʃʰ-kʰ
16   Armenian: Eastern ačʿkʿ աչք ɑtʃʰkʰ ɑtʃʰ-kʰ
79   Bulgarian oko око uˈkɔ oˈko
98   Belarusian voka вока ˈvɔka ˈvoko
141   Catalan ull uʎ uʎ
93   Czech oko ˈ(ʔ)ɔkɔ ˈoko
110   Danish øje ˈʌjə
116   Dutch oog oχ
112   English eye aɪ Middle English from Old English ēge, ēage
104   Faroese eyga ˈɛiːja
117   Flemish oog
136   French oeil œj œj
114   Frisian each ɪ.əx
122   German Auge ˈʔaʊɡə ˈaʊɡə
8   Greek: Modern Std máti μάτι ˈmati ˈmati
29   Hindi āṅkh आंख ɑ̃kʰ ɑ̃kʰ
103   Icelandic auga ˈøɪːɣa
129   Italian occhio ˈɔkkjo ˈɔkkjo
34   Kashmiri aečh اءچھ ɨtʃʰ ɨtʃʰ
131   Ladin uedl ˈue̯dl
76   Lithuanian akìs ɐˈkʲɪs aˈkʲɪs
95   Sorbian: Lower woko ˈɔkɔ ˈoko
94   Sorbian: Upper woko ˈwɔkɔ ˈwɔkɔ
80   Macedonian oko око ˈo̞kɔ ˈokɔ
31   Nepali ām̐khā आँखा ãkʰa
88   Polish oko ˈɔkɔ ˈoko
144   Portuguese olho ˈoʎu ˈoʎu
105   Norwegian: Bokmål øye ˈœʏ̀ə ˈœʏ̀ɛ
134   Sardinian: Logudoro oggiu ˈodˈdʒu ˈodˈdʒu
133   Sardinian: Nuoro ócu ˈoːɣu ˈoːɣu
83   Serbo-Croat oko ˈɔ̂kɔ ˈôko
23   Sinhalese æsa ඇස
91   Slovak oko ˈɔkɔ ˈoko
85   Slovene oko ɔˈkóː ɔˈkóː
143   Spanish ojo ˈɔxo ˈoxo
109   Swedish öga ˈø̀ːɡa
99   Ukrainian oko око ˈɔkɔ ˈoko
137   Walloon oûy uːɪ̯ uːɪ̯
3   Tocharian A ak ək ək Du. aśäṃ.
4   Tocharian B ek ek ˈekə Du. eśane; older eś in yn-eś 'evident', eś lmau 'blinded', lit. 'sat (on) the eyes'.
26   Maithili aṅkh अंख aĩkh
124   Latin oculus ˈokuɫus ˈokulus G.sg. oculī
78   Old Church Slavonic oko око ɔkɔ oko
77   Old Prussian ackis Third Catechism, nom.pl. EV: agins
21   Vedic: Early ákṣi अक्षि ˈɐkʂi áksi ~ cákṣuḥ n.
74   Latvian acs ɑtsː ɑtss
121   Luxembourgish A aː aː
30   Urdu ānkh آنکھ ɑ̃kʰ
130   Friulian voli ˈvoli ˈvoli Deriv. voglon. Initial /v/ is a regular process after diphtongization at the start of the word, but we expected vue-. Probably the different evolution is due to the coflict with «vueli» "oil".
15   Armenian: Classical akn ակն ˈɑkən ɑk-ɑn- pl. (< dual) աչք ač‘-k‘
18   Albanian: Gheg sy From IE *h3(e)kuih1 > PALb *atsiwi, a form of dual related to - inter alia - Skt aksi, Lith akì.
19   Albanian: Standard sy
27   Magahi āṅkh आंख ɑ̃kʰ
107   Elfdalian oga ˈòːɡɑ ˈòːɡɑ
108   Old Swedish ögha ˈøːɣa øːɡa
22   Pali akkhi ɐkkʰɪ akkʰi
5   Greek: Mycenaean -qo-so* 𐀦𐀰 -okʷs -okʷs Attested as an element in personal names, e.g. wo-no-qo-so 'Οἶνοψ' 'Wine-eye' (name of an ox). Cf. Hom. *οἴνοπ- 'wine-dark'. The quantity of the vowel is unclear.
90   Polabian våťü vɒˈcy vɒˈcy
89   Kashubian òkò ˈwɛkwɛ ˈoko
11   Greek: Cypriot mmátin μμάτιν ˈmːɐtin ˈmmɐtin Alternative form: αμμάτιν.
10   Greek: Pontic ommáti(n) ομμάτι(ν) o̞ˈmati(n) o̞ˈmati(n)
9   Greek: Cappadocian mat ματ mat mat also /matʃ/
75   Latgalian acs atsː atss
125   Romanian ochi okç okʲ
128   Neapolitan uocchio ˈwokkjə ˈwokkjə
135   Anglo-Norman oil
142   Old Spanish ojo ˈoʒo
28   Bhojpuri āṅkh आंख ɑ̃kʰ
35   Palula ac̣híi اڇھی aˈʈʂiː aʈʂíi
139   Franco-Provençal zu ˈzy ˈzy
87   Old Polish oko ˈɔkɔ ˈoko
92   Old Czech oko ˈɔkɔ ˈoko
96   Old Novgorod oko око ˈɔkɔ ˈɔkɔ
100   Rusyn óko ˈŭɔkɔ ˈoko
81   Macedonian: Suho òku ˈo̞ku ˈoko
82   Macedonian: Visoka òku ˈo̞ku ˈoko
86   Slovene: Kostel oko ˈukuː ˈukuː
84   Slovene: Early Modern okú
123   German: Bernese Oug ɔʊɡ̊ ɔʊɡ̊
138   Old Occitan uelh
126   Megleno-Romanian ocl’u
20   Albanian: Arbëresh si ˈsi
140   Old Catalan ull uʎ uʎ
37   Gawarbati itsin اِڅِن iˈtsĩn̪ itsin GM iċ'īn
36   Gawri ac̣ اڄ ʔɔʈʂ ɒʈʂ H
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote vaklo ˈvaklo
119   Old High German ouga ˈou̯ɡa ˈou̯ɡa
113   Old Frisian āge ˈaːɣe ˈaːɡe
120   Middle High German ouge ˈou̯ɡə ˈou̯ɡə
111   Old English ēage ˈæːɑ̯ɣe ˈæːɑ̯ɡe
118   Old Saxon ôga ˈɔːɣa ˈɔːɣa
115   Middle Dutch oghe ˈoːɣə ˈoːɣə
102   Old Icelandic auga ˈauɣa ˈauɡa
101   Gothic augo 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 ˈɔːɣoː ˈɔːɡoː
38   Khowar ɣeč غیچ ʁɛtɕ ɣɛtɕ
32   Punjabi akkʰ ਅੱਖ
39   Pashai: North-West ačii اچی ʔaˈt͡ʃiˑ at͡ʃiː
145   Portuguese: Brazilian olho
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki iž′i ̃ ižˈĩ ̃ iʒˈĩ iʒˈĩ
132   Milanese öc œtʃ
40   Kamviri âč′ẽ atʃˈẽ atʃˈẽ
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern âč′ẽ ač′ẽ atʃˈɛ̠̃ atʃˈɛ̠̃
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi âč′e atʃˈɛ̠ atʃˈɛ̠
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm ačẽ ɐtʃˈẽ ɐtʃˈẽ
44   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ âć′ĩ atsˈĩ atsˈĩ
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk auge ˈɑʊɡə ˈɑʊɡɛ
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 78-79
    S.v. TochB ek* 'eye', which with TochA ak reflects Proto-Tocharian *ek from PIE *h₃e/okʷ- (cf. Skt. ákṣi (nt.), Av. aši 'both eyes', Arm. akn 'eye', Greek ὄσσε 'both eyes', ὄμμα 'eye', Lat. oculus 'eye', Goth. augo 'eye', Lith. akìs 'eye' OCS oko 'eye', Alb. sy (< *h₃okʷi- + -ōu?) etc.).
  • Babinotis, George: 826
    S.v. Modern Greek μάτι, from Medieval Greek μάτι(ν), from Ancient Greek ὀμμάτιον, diminutive of Ancient Greek ὄμμα 'eye'.
  • Beekes, Robert: 1077-1078
    Cf. s.v. Gk. ὄμμα, -ατος 'eye; look, sight, face', a verbal noun in -μα to ὄπ- < *h₃ekʷ-; cf. the dual form ὄσσε < *h₃ekʷ-ih₁. [NB: cf. also s.v. ὀφθαλμός and notes to [cognate set 7477](cog-7477).]
  • Derksen, Rick: 47
    S.v. Lith. akìs 'eye' (Latv. acs 'eye', OPr. agins 'eye', ackis 'eyes'), from PIE *h₃ekʷ-i- (cf. OCS oko, Skt. ákṣi- 'eye', Gk. ὄσσε 'two eyes', Lat. oculus 'eye').
  • Derksen, Rick: 365
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *oko 'eye' (ESSJa XXXII 13, 41-42), from PIE *h₃ekʷ-o- (cf. Skt. ákṣi- 'eye', Gk. ὄσσε 'eyes', Lat. oculus 'eye').
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 25-27
    S.v. OLith. akìs 'Auge' (BSl. cf. Latv. acs 'Auge; Gesicht; Knospe, Öhr', OPr. N.pl. ackis 'Augen', OCS NA.du. oči 'beide Augen', etc.), from PIE *h₃ekʷ- 'ins Auge fassen' (cf. Gk. NA.du. ὄσσε 'beide Augen', Ved. akṣī́- 'id.', YAv. aši 'id.', Arm. ačʻkʻ 'Augen', Alb. sy 'Auge', TochA ak 'Auge', TochB ek 'Auge').
  • Holm, Hans J.: 60-61
    Etymological authorities agree on Alb. sy < PIE *h₃ekʷ-, however the source of -y remains disputed.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 42
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *augōn- 'eye', from PIE *h₃okʷ-n- (cf. Skt. ákṣi- 'eye', YAv. aši- 'eyes' (du.) < *h₃okʷ-s-; TochA ak, TochB ek* < *h₃okʷ-, Gk. ὄσσε 'two eyes' (du.) < *h₃okʷ-ih₁; Arm. akn 'eye; source' < *h₃okʷ-; Alb. sy 'id.' < *h₃ekʷ-ih₁; Lat. oculus 'eye' < *h₃okʷ-elo-; Lith. akìs, Latv. acs, OPr. ackis, etc.).
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 22-23
    S.v. Arm. akn 'eye', deriving from the PIE word for 'eye' *h₃(o)kʷ- + singulative -n.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:42-43
    S.v. Ved. ákṣi- 'Auge' (cf. IIr. Av. aš- in YAv. du. aši 'die beiden Augen', etc.), cf. Lith. akìs 'Auge', OCS du. oči 'beide Augen' and to be further connected with Lat. oculus, Gk. ὄσσε, ὀφθαλμός, ὄκταλλος, ὀπτίλλος from PIE *h₃ekʷ-.
  • Orel, Vladimir: 405
    S.v. Alb. sy 'eye', from Proto-Albanian *atšīwi, a form of the dual related to Skt. akṣī́, Av. aši, Lith. akì, Slav. *oči, etc.
  • Trubačev, O. N.: 32: 41-42
    PS *oko, očese < PIE *okʷ- / *Hokʷ-.
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 2
    S.v. 43 Ved. ákṣi- n. 'eye' RV.
  • Wodtko, Dagmar S. and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin: 370-387
    S.v. *h₃ekʷ- 'ins Auge fassen, erblicken' (LIV² 297f., IEW 775ff.)
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 425
    S.v. Lat. oculus 'eye', from *h₃e/okʷ-(e)lo-. Most IE languages show either a root-noun or an i-stem, so the Latin formation probably does not go back to PIE.