Cognate Set 284 – Meaning: sand

	Language	Lexeme	Native script	Phonetic	Phonemic	Notes
110	Danish	sand		ˈsanˀ
116	Dutch	zand		zɑnt
112	English	sand			sænd
104	Faroese	sandur		ˈsand̥ʊɹ
117	Flemish	zand
114	Frisian	sân		sɔːn
122	German	Sand		ˈzand̥	ˈzand
103	Icelandic	sandur		ˈsand̥ʏr		Replaced SANDR.
105	Norwegian: Bokmål	sand		sɑnː	sɑnː
109	Swedish	sand		sand
121	Luxembourgish	Sand		zɑnt	zɑnt
107	Elfdalian	sand		sɑnd	sɑnd
108	Old Swedish	sander		ˈsander	sander
123	German: Bernese	Sang		saŋ	saŋ
119	Old High German	sant		sant	sant
120	Middle High German	sant		sant	sant
111	Old English	sand		sɑnd	sɑnd
118	Old Saxon	sand		sand	sand
115	Middle Dutch	sant		zant	zant
102	Old Icelandic	sandr		sandr	sandr
106	Norwegian: Nynorsk	sand		sɑnː	sɑnː

References

Buck, Carl Darling: 22

Connects Greek, Germanic, and Romance cognates to the same original stem *samdʰo-.

Kroonen, Guus: 425-426

S.v. Proto-Germanic *samda- 'sand'. "Most forms point to *sanda- but MHG sampt can only be explained from *samda- < *samdʰ-o-, which is close to Gr. ἄμαθος < *sam-ndʰ-o- […]. Given the formal irreconcilabilities between Gm. *samda-, Lat. sabulum < *sadʰ-lo- and Gr. ἄμαθος < *sam-ndʰ- (the ψ of ψάμαθος was used to substitute s- after the Greek shift to h) the conclusion must be that the word is of non-IE origin ([Kuiper 1995](src-658):67): it was probably adopted from a set of linguistically affiliated languages when Germanic, Italic, and Greek arrived in West-Europe. In view of the meaning 'sand', it is extremely unlikely, at any rate, that the word spread across Europe as a Wanderwort."

Kuiper, F. B. J.: 67

Mallory, James P.: 499

Cf. R.S.P. Beekes s.v. SAND: "?*samh̥ªdhos 'sand' [IEW 146 (*bhes-); Wat 8 (*bhes-); Buck 1.215]. Lat. sabulum 'sand' ?saburra 'sand in a ship as ballast', ON sandr 'sand', NE (dial.) samel 'sand bottom', OHG sant, MHG sant ~ sampt 'sand', Grk ἄμαθος 'sand'. The Greek form cannot be separated from ψάμαθος and ψάμμος 'sand', while the MHG sampt can hardly represent an old variant and, even if it is one, it can hardly be an alternative development of a PIE form. A reconstruction along the lines of *samhªdhos is impossible and the a vocalism suggests a non-IE status for the word. This is even more evident if Lat. sabulum is regarded cognate. The status of Arm awaz 'sand' is unclear."

Martirosyan, Hrach: 149-150

Ringe, Don: 11, 101

Reconstructs *sámh₂dʰos > (cf. Gk. ἄμαθος) > *sámədʰos > *sámdʰos > PGmc. *samdaz > ONor. sandr, OEng. sand, OHG sant.

Scarborough, Matthew:

Earlier literature (cf. [Buck 1949](src-47):22) connects Proto-Germanic *samda- [cognate set 284](cog-284), Greek ἄμμος [cognate set 8262](cog-8262), and Lat. sabulum [cognate set 8263](cog-8263) together from an original stem *samdʰo-. This etymology is followed in some recent literature (cf. [Ringe 2006](src-395):11, 101) where the connection between these classes can be maintained through a reconstruction *sámh₂dʰos. On the other hand, Beekes in [EIEC](src-657) objects to this reconstruction on the basis of difficulties within Greek and the necessity to reconstruct IE *a. The Armenian forms in [cognate set 8261](cog-8261) are sometimes also connected to the Germanic, Greek, and Italic ones, but alternative explanations are also possible (cf. [Martirosyan 2010](src-79):149-150). It may well be possible that we are dealing with a European substrate loan into Late-IE which could be accounted for by *samh₂dʰo- (cf. [Kroonen 2013](src-165):426), but the details remain quite unclear. As a consequence of the difficulties in reconciling all the proposed cognacy relations between these four branches, it is preferable to split them into separate cognate sets.