Cognate Set 8263 – Meaning: sand
- IE-CoR reference form:
- sabulum
- IE-CoR reference language:
- Latin
- Ideophonic:
- no
- Parallel derivation:
- no
- Justification:
- Romance lexemes from Latin sabulum 'sand' (Meyer-Lübke 1935:619). Earlier literature (cf. Buck 1949:22) connects Proto-Germanic *samda- cognate set 284, Greek ἄμμος cognate set 8262, and Lat. sabulum cognate set 8263 together from an original stem *samdʰo-. This etymology is followed in some recent literature (cf. Ringe 2006:11, 101) where the connection between these classes can be maintained through a reconstruction *sámh₂dʰos. On the other hand, Beekes in EIEC objects to this reconstruction on the basis of difficulties within Greek and the necessity to reconstruct IE *a. The Armenian forms in cognate set 8261 are sometimes also connected to the Germanic, Greek, and Italic ones, but alternative explanations are also possible (cf. Martirosyan 2010:149-150). It may well be possible that we are dealing with a European substrate loan into Late-IE which could be accounted for by *samh₂dʰo- (cf. Kroonen 2013:426), but the details remain quite unclear. As a consequence of the difficulties in reconciling all the proposed cognacy relations between these four branches, it is preferable to split them into separate cognate sets.
- Found in clades:
- Italic
- Revised by:
- Matthew Scarborough
Found in 1 clade by 11 lexemes.
- References
- Buck, Carl Darling: 22-23
S.v. 1.215 SAND, Buck connects Greek, Germanic, and Romance cognates to an original stem *samdʰo-.
- Kroonen, Guus: 425-426
Cf. s.v. Proto-Germanic *samda- 'sand'. "Most forms point to *sanda- but MHG sampt can only be explained from *samda- < *samdʰ-o-, which is close to Gr. ἄμαθος < *sam-ndʰ-o- […]. Given the formal irreconcilabilities between Gm. *samda-, Lat. sabulum < *sadʰ-lo- and Gr. ἄμαθος < *sam-ndʰ- (the ψ of ψάμαθος was used to substitute s- after the Greek shift to h) the conclusion must be that the word is of non-IE origin ([Kuiper 1995](src-658):67): it was probably adopted from a set of linguistically affiliated languages when Germanic, Italic, and Greek arrived in West-Europe. In view of the meaning 'sand', it is extremely unlikely, at any rate, that the word spread across Europe as a Wanderwort."
- Mallory, James P.: 499
Cf. R.S.P. Beekes s.v. SAND: "?*samh̥ªdhos 'sand' [IEW 146 (*bhes-); Wat 8 (*bhes-); Buck 1.215]. Lat. sabulum 'sand' ?saburra 'sand in a ship as ballast', ON sandr 'sand', NE (dial.) samel 'sand bottom', OHG sant, MHG sant ~ sampt 'sand', Grk ἄμαθος 'sand'. The Greek form cannot be separated from ψάμαθος and ψάμμος 'sand', while the MHG sampt can hardly represent an old variant and, even if it is one, it can hardly be an alternative development of a PIE form. A reconstruction along the lines of *samhªdhos is impossible and the a vocalism suggests a non-IE status for the word. This is even more evident if Lat. sabulum is regarded cognate. The status of Arm awaz 'sand' is unclear."
- Martirosyan, Hrach: 149-150
- Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm: 619
S.v. 7486 Lat. sabulum 'Sand'.
- Ringe, Don: 11, 101
Reconstructs *sámh₂dʰos > (cf. Gk. ἄμαθος) > *sámədʰos > *sámdʰos > PGmc. *samdaz > ONor. sandr, OEng. sand, OHG sant.
- Scarborough, Matthew:
Earlier literature (cf. [Buck 1949](src-47):22) connects Proto-Germanic *samda- [cognate set 284](cog-284), Greek ἄμμος [cognate set 8262](cog-8262), and Lat. sabulum [cognate set 8263](cog-8263) together from an original stem *samdʰo-. This etymology is followed in some recent literature (cf. [Ringe 2006](src-395):11, 101) where the connection between these classes can be maintained through a reconstruction *sámh₂dʰos. On the other hand, Beekes in [EIEC](src-657) objects to this reconstruction on the basis of difficulties within Greek and the necessity to reconstruct IE *a. The Armenian forms in [cognate set 8261](cog-8261) are sometimes also connected to the Germanic, Greek, and Italic ones, but alternative explanations are also possible (cf. [Martirosyan 2010](src-79):149-150). It may well be possible that we are dealing with a European substrate loan into Late-IE which could be accounted for by *samh₂dʰo- (cf. [Kroonen 2013](src-165):426), but the details remain quite unclear. As a consequence of the difficulties in reconciling all the proposed cognacy relations between these four branches, it is preferable to split them into separate cognate sets.
- de Vaan, Michiel: 531
S.v. Lat. sabulum 'coarse sand, gravel', from Proto-Italic *(p)saϸlo- / *(p)saflo- / *(p)sablo-, a substrate word *(p)sam- or *sab⁽ʰ⁾- (cf. IE cognates Gr. ψάμμος, (ψ)άμαθος, ψόμμος; OIc. sandr, OHG sant, MHG samt).
