Cognate Set 257 – Meaning: long

IE-CoR reference form:
?*delh₁-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
The precise root and stem reconstruction for this form in Indo-European is debated (cf. esp. Kloekhorst 2008:819-821, EWAia I:728-729), the cognacy of the lexemes in this class to each other is, however, generally agreed (cf. Kloekhorst 2008:819-821, Demiraj 1997:184-185, Orel 1998:130, EWAia I:728-729, ALEW 392-393, Derksen 2015:199-200, Derksen 2008:133, Heidermanns 1993:360-361, Kroonen 2013:327, de Vaan 2008:348). The reconstructed root form for this class follows LIV² Addenda \& Corrigenda.
Found in clades:
Albanian, Anatolian, Baltic, Germanic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 9 clades by 98 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
79   Bulgarian d″l″g дълъг ˈdɤɫək ˈdɤlɤɡ
98   Belarusian doǔgì доўгі ˈdɔwɣʲi ˈdovɣi
93   Czech dlouhý ˈdlɔuɦiː ˈdlouɦiː
110   Danish lang ˈlɑŋˀ
116   Dutch lang lɑŋ
112   English long lɔŋ
104   Faroese langur ˈlɛŋɡ̊ʊɹ
117   Flemish lang
136   French long lɔ̃ lɔ̃
114   Frisian lang laŋ
122   German lang ˈlaŋ ˈlaŋ
103   Icelandic langur ˈlaŋɡ̊ʏr, ˈlauŋɡ̊ʏr Older pronunciation - now dialectal, modern standard. Replaced LANGR.
129   Italian lungo ˈluŋɡo ˈlunɡo
131   Ladin lonch ˈloŋk
76   Lithuanian ìlgas ˈɪlɡɐs ˈɪlɡas
95   Sorbian: Lower dłujki ˈdwujkʲi ˈdwujki
94   Sorbian: Upper dołhi ˈdo.i, dʊj ˈdo.i
80   Macedonian dolg долг do̞ɫk dolɡ
67   Persian: Tehran derāz دراز deˈrɒːz derɒz
88   Polish długi ˈdwuɡʲi, ˈduwɡʲi ˈdwuɟi, ˈduwɟi
105   Norwegian: Bokmål lang lɑŋː lɑŋː
97   Russian dlinnyj длинный ˈdlʲinːɘj ˈdlʲinnij
134   Sardinian: Logudoro longu ˈloŋɡu ˈloŋɡu
133   Sardinian: Nuoro longu ˈloŋɡu ˈloŋɡu
83   Serbo-Croat dug dûɡ dûɡ
23   Sinhalese diga දිග diɡə
91   Slovak dlhý ˈdl̩ɦiː ˈdlɦiː
85   Slovene dolg dɔ́ːwk dɔ́ːvɡ
109   Swedish lång lɔŋ
99   Ukrainian dovgij довгий ˈdɔwʕɪ̽j ˈdovɦɪj
137   Walloon long lõ lõ
1   Hittite taluki- / talugai- *ta-lu-ka-aš Nom.sg. only attested with Sumerographic writing GÍD.DA-aš. Native script form reconstructed using stem attested from oblique cases: ta-lu-kán (acc.sg.), ta-lu-ga (nom./acc.n.), da-lu-ga-aš (gen.sg.).
124   Latin longus ˈɫoŋɡus ˈlonɡus gen. longī; longus, longa, longum
78   Old Church Slavonic dlŭgŭ длъгъ dl̩ɡʊ̆ dl̩ɡʊ
77   Old Prussian ilga adv.
121   Luxembourgish laang laːŋ laːŋ
21   Vedic: Early dīrghá- दीर्घ- diːɾɡʱɐ- diːrɡʱa-
130   Friulian lunc ˈluŋk ˈlunk Msg., fsg. lungje, mpl. luncs, fpl. lungjis.
46   Avestan: Younger darəγa 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 darɣa OAv. darəga
72   Ossetic: Iron darǧ даргъ dɑrʁ darʁ
73   Ossetic: Digor darǧ даргъ dɑrʁ darʁ
65   Old Persian darga 𐎭𐎼𐎥 darɡa attested for time, but no evidence that it would be different for space
18   Albanian: Gheg gjatë From PAlb *dlata continuing IE *dlngh-to- and related to other IE adjectives for 'long'.
19   Albanian: Standard gjatë
107   Elfdalian laungg lɑʉŋɡ lɑʉŋɡ
108   Old Swedish langer ˈlaŋɡer lanɡer
22   Pali dīgha diːɡʱɐ diːɡʱa
49   Khotanese dāru dɑːɾʊ daːru Neuter, stem dāra-.
90   Polabian dåuďĕ, duďĕ ˈdɒuɟɘ, duɟɘ ˈdɒuɟɘ, duɟɘ
89   Kashubian dłudżi ˈdwɘ̟dʒi ˈdwʉdʒi
66   Middle Persian dēr dyr deːr deːr Older dgr /daɣr > dayr/; ZP dgl
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini dɨrēž dɨreːʒ
55   Parthian darγ drg darɣ darɣ AF drɣ
125   Romanian lung luŋɡ lunɡ
128   Neapolitan luongo ˈlwoŋɡə ˈlwonɡə
135   Anglo-Norman lung
139   Franco-Provençal lan ˈlɒ̃ ˈlɔ̃
142   Old Spanish luengo ˈlwenɡo
35   Palula dhrígu دھرِگوۡ ˈd̪ɾi̤ɡo drhíɡu
87   Old Polish długi ˈdɫuː(ɡɨː/ɡ) ˈdluːɡi
92   Old Czech dlúhý ˈdɫuːɦɨː ˈdluːɣiː
100   Rusyn dọ́wɣωj dowɣɤ̟j ˈdovɣɯj
71   Kumzari drāẓ dɻaːzˁ dɻaːzˁ
81   Macedonian: Suho dlъ̀nuk ˈdlənuk ˈdlənuɡ
82   Macedonian: Visoka dlъ̀nuk ˈdlənuk ˈdlənuɡ
86   Slovene: Kostel dolg duk duɡ
84   Slovene: Early Modern dolg
123   German: Bernese läng læŋŋ læŋŋ
24   Assamese dīghôl দীঘল diɡʰɔl
68   Bakhtiari derāz deɾɑz derɑz
70   Lari derāz derɒz
64   Balochi: Sistani drāǰ drɑd͡ʒ
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi drež dreʒ
138   Old Occitan long
126   Megleno-Romanian lúng
20   Albanian: Arbëresh i gjatë i ˈɟaːtə
140   Old Catalan llong ʎonk ʎonk close vowel
60   Hawrami drēž dɨreːʒ
58   Kurdish S.: Elami dırīž dɘ̟ɾiːʒ
36   Gawri līg لِگ l̪ɪˑɡ̥ liːɡ H
37   Gawarbati ligaala لِگالہ l̪ɪɡaːˈl̪œ liɡaːla GM lī̆ɡāl'a
38   Khowar drung درونگ d̪ruŋk dɾunɡ
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote lu̯aṅg lwanɡ
119   Old High German lang laŋɡ lanɡ
113   Old Frisian long loŋɡ lonɡ
120   Middle High German lanc laŋk lank
111   Old English lang lɑŋɡ lɑnɡ
118   Old Saxon lang laŋɡ lanɣ
115   Middle Dutch lanc laŋk lanx
102   Old Icelandic langr laŋɡr lanɡr
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk lang lɑŋ lɑŋɡ adjective 'lang' adverb 'langt'
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki ǰign′i ǰignˈī dʒiɡnˈiː dʒiɡnˈi
132   Milanese lùnch lunk
40   Kamviri draŋ′aň dɾɨŋˈɨɹ̃ dɾɨŋˈɨɹ̃
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern drig′aň drig′ä̃̃ŕ dɨriɡˈɨ̃ɹ̃ driɡˈɨɹ̃
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi drag′ař dɾɨɡˈɨɹ dɾɨɡˈɨɹ
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm drigala dɾiɡɐlˈɐ dɾiɡɐlˈɐ
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh dɨrīž dɨriʒ
References
  • Demiraj, Bardhyl: 184-185
    S.v. Alb. gjáthë 'lang', generally connected to Ved. dīrghá-, Gk. δολιχός, OCS dlъgъ, etc., perhaps from PIE *dlh₁gʰó- > Proto-Albanian *glag(h)V́- or (?) *glág(h)a-tV- > Old Albanian glatë.
  • Derksen, Rick: 133
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *dьlgъ adj. 'long' < PIE *dl̥h₁gʰ-ó-, (cf. Skt. dīrghá-, Gk. δολιχός).
  • Derksen, Rick: 199-200
    S.v. Lith. ìlgas 'long' (Latv. il̃gs 'long (of time)', from PIE *dlh₁gʰ-ó- (cf. Skt. dīrghá-, Gk. δολιχός).
  • Heidermanns, Frank: 360-361
    S.v. Gmc. *langa- 'lang', an inherited adjective identical with Lat. longus 'lang' < PIE *dlongho-, next to this stands *dl̥əgho- in Ved. dīrghá-, OAv. darəga-, Gk. δολιχός, OCS dlьgъ, cf. also Hitt. dalugai- 'lang'. Probably related to Ved. drā́ghate 'macht lang, ermüdet, quält'.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 392-393
    S.v. OLith. ìlgas 'lang' (BSl. Latv. il̃gs 'lang, langdauernd', OPr. ilga (adv.) lange', OCS dlьgъ 'lang', etc.), from PIE *dlh₁gʰó- 'lang' (cf. Ved. dīrghá- 'lang, weitreichend; langdauernd', OAv. darəga- 'lang', YAv. darəγa- 'lang', Alb. gjátë 'lang'. For the lack of the dental in initial position of the Proto-Baltic adjective for 'long' there is no commonly accepted explanation.
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 819-821
    S.v. Hitt. *taluki- / talugai- 'long'. K. reconstructs as a preform for Hitt. *taluki- / talugai- 'long' a PIE i-stem *dólugʰ-i-. The exact reconstruction of the root is difficult, since forms elsewhere in IE (Ved. dīrghá-, OAv. darəga-, OCS dlьgъ, Lith. ìlgas) all reflect *dl̥h₁gʰ-o-, where the identity of the laryngeal is determined on the basis of Greek ἐν-δελεχής 'lasting long' < *delh₁gʰ-.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 327
    S.v. Proto-Germanic langa- 'long', identical to Lat. longus 'long', a nasalised version of the PIE root *dlh₁gʰ- 'long'. "The adjective thus implies a nasal present *dlénh₁gʰ-e-, which, however, is not attested."
  • Kümmel, Martin Joachim:
    Cf. in LIV addenda and corrigenda – Neu: ?2.*delh₁- 'verlängern' (IEW 194‑6), Präsens ?*dl̥h₁-éi̯o- aksl. (+) pro-dьľǫ, -dьliti 'verlängern' (Anm. 1 Verbal nur slav. (primär?), Basis vieler Nomina, z.B. aruss. dьlja ‘Länge’ und v.a. die Adj. *dl̥h₁-gʰó- in ved. dīrghá- = av. darəga-, aksl. (+) dlъgъ sowie *dolh₁-i-gʰo- > gr. δολιχός neben *dolh₁-u-Ki- > heth. daluki-, alle ‘lang’; *h₁ wegen gr. ἐν-δελεχής zu einem neugebildeten *δέλεχος n. < *délh₁gʰos, vgl. Stüber 172-4 mit Lit.).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:728-729
    S.v. Ved. dīrghá- 'lang [zeitlich, räumlich], weitreichend, langdauernd' (OAv. darəga-, YAv. darəγa- 'lang') which reflect PIE *dl̥h₁gʰ-ó- (OCS dlъgъ, SCr. dȕg, Lith. ìlgas 'lang', cf. Gk. δολιχός, ἐν-δελεχής 'langdauernd, ununterbrochen', Hitt. daluki- 'lang').
  • Orel, Vladimir: 130
    S.v. Alb. gjathë 'long', from Proto-Albanian *dlata continuing IE *dln̥gʰ-to- and related to other IE adjectives for 'long' from *(d)longʰ-o- (Lat. longus, Goth. lagga, etc.).
  • Scarborough, Matthew:
    The precise root and stem reconstruction for this form in Indo-European is debated (cf. esp. Kloekhorst 2008:819-821, EWAia s.v. Ved. dīrghá- cited in this class), the cognacy of the lexemes in this class to each other is, however, generally agreed. The reconstructed root form for this class follows the LIV² Addenda & Corrigenda.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 348
    S.v. Lat. longus 'long' from PIE *dlongʰ-o- (cf. *dólugʰ- in Hitt. *taluki- / talugai- 'long', PIE *dlh₁gʰ-o- in Skt. dīrghá- OAv. darəga-, OCS dlъgъ, SCr. dȕg, Lith. ìlgas, Alb. gjathë (+ *-tā-); Gk. δολιχός (< *dolh₁-i-gʰo-?), ἐνδελεχής 'lasting long, uninterrupted' < *delh₁gʰ-; PIE *dlongʰ-o- in Goth. laggs, OHG lang, OIc. langr, etc.). The root might be *de/olh₁-, cf. Cz. dél (poet.) 'length' < PSl. *dьlь, etc.