Cognate Set 327 – Meaning: tongue

	Language	Lexeme	Native script	Phonetic	Phonemic	Notes
17	Armenian: Western	lezow	լեզու	lɛˈzu	lɛzu
16	Armenian: Eastern	lezow	լեզու	lɛˈzu	lɛzu
25	Bengali	jihbā	জিহ্বা	dʒioha
79	Bulgarian	ezik	език	ɘˈzʲik	eˈzik
98	Belarusian	âzyk	язык	jɑ̈ˈzɨk	jaˈzik
141	Catalan	llengua		ˈʎɛŋɡwə	ˈʎɛŋɡwə
93	Czech	jazyk		ˈjɑ̈zɪk	ˈjazik
110	Danish	tunge		ˈtɔŋə
116	Dutch	tong		tɔŋ
112	English	tongue			tʌŋ
104	Faroese	tunga		ˈtʰʊŋɡ̊a
117	Flemish	tong
136	French	langue		lɑ̃ɡ	lɑ̃ɡ	Also means 'language'.
114	Frisian	tonge		ˈtoŋə
122	German	Zunge		ˈt͜sʰʊŋə	ˈt͜sʊŋə
29	Hindi	jībha	जीभ	dʒiːbʱ	dʒiːbʱ
103	Icelandic	tunga		ˈtʰuŋɡ̊a
161	Gaelic: Irish	teanga		ˈt̪ʲʰæŋˠɡˠə	ˈtʲaŋˠɡˠə
129	Italian	lingua		ˈliŋɡwa	ˈlinɡwa	Also means 'language'.
34	Kashmiri	zew	زیو	zɛʋ	zɛʋ
131	Ladin	lenga			ˈleŋɡa
76	Lithuanian	liežùvis		lʲɪɛˈʒʊʋʲɪs	lʲɪɛˈʒʊvʲɪs
95	Sorbian: Lower	jězyk		ˈjɪzɘ̟k	ˈjɪzɘ̟k
94	Sorbian: Upper	jazyk		ˈjɑ̈zɘ̟k	ˈjazɘ̟k
80	Macedonian	ǰazik	јазик	ˈjɑ̈zik	ˈjazik
33	Marathi	jībha	जीभ	dʒiːbʱ
31	Nepali	jibro	जिब्रो	dʒibro
88	Polish	język		ˈjɛɰ̃zɘ̟k	ˈjeŋzɨk
144	Portuguese	lingua		ˈlĩŋɡuɐ	ˈlĩŋɡuɐ
105	Norwegian: Bokmål	tunge		ˈtùŋːə	ˈtùŋːɛ
97	Russian	âzyk	язык	jɪˈzɨk	jiˈzik
134	Sardinian: Logudoro	limba		ˈlimba	ˈlimba
133	Sardinian: Nuoro	limma		ˈlimma	ˈlimma
83	Serbo-Croat	jezik		ˈjɛ̌zik	ˈjězik
23	Sinhalese	diva	දිව
91	Slovak	jazyk		ˈjɑ̈zik	ˈjazik
85	Slovene	jezik		ˈjɛ̀ːzik	ˈjɛ̀ːzik
143	Spanish	lengua		ˈleŋɡwa	ˈlenɡwa
109	Swedish	tunga		ˈtɵ̀ŋːa
99	Ukrainian	âzik	язик	jɐˈzɪk	jaˈzɪk
137	Walloon	linwe		lẽu̯	lẽu̯
124	Latin	lingua		ˈliŋɡwa	ˈlinɡwa	G.sg. linguae
121	Luxembourgish	Zong		tsoŋ	tsoŋ
159	Gaelic: Scottish	teanga			tʲɛŋɡə
3	Tocharian A	käntu		kɨntu	kntu
4	Tocharian B	kantwo		ˈkəntwo	kəntwo	From *ĝn̥dʰu̯éh₂- ← PIE *dn̥g̑ʰu̯éh₂- by metathesis of place of articulation (see Ringe 1996:45-6).
78	Old Church Slavonic	językŭ	ѩзыкъ	jɛ̃zɯkʊ̆	jẽzɯkʊ	Also 'language' and 'pepole, nation'.
21	Vedic: Early	jihvā́	जिह्वा	dʑiɦʋaː	dʑihváː	~ Early Vedic (RV) juhū́- f.
26	Maithili	jiu	जिउ	jɪʊ
56	Kurdish N.: Bahdini	zɨman			zɨmɑn
77	Old Prussian	insuwis				EV
130	Friulian	lenghe		ˈlɛŋɡɛ	ˈlɛnɡe
158	Old Irish	tengae		ˈt̪ʲʰeŋˠɡˠe	ˈtʲeŋɡe
46	Avestan: Younger	hizū	𐬵𐬌𐬰𐬏		hizuː	further attested stems: hizβah (n.), hizβā (f.)
15	Armenian: Classical	lezow	լեզու	lɛˈzu	lɛzu-ɑ-
65	Old Persian	hizan	𐏃𐏀𐎴		hizan	Accusative hazānam
146	Oscan	fangvam				Native script: fangvam (acc.sg., Cm 13). Latin script: fancua (nom.pl., Cm 15).
51	Wakhi	zik			zik
72	Ossetic: Iron	ævzag	ӕвзаг	ɜvˈʒɑɡ	ɜvʒaɡ
73	Ossetic: Digor	ævzag	ӕвзаг	ɜvzɑɡ	ɜvzaɡ
160	Gaelic: Manx	çhengey		ˈtʃenʲə	ˈtʃenʲə	teanga
148	Gaulish	tengua				Reconstructed form based on attestations, possibly Lepontic.
107	Elfdalian	tungga		ˈtʉ̀ŋɡɑ	ˈtʉ̀ŋɡɑ
108	Old Swedish	tunga		ˈtuŋɡa	tunɡa
22	Pali	jivhā		dʑɪʋɦaː	dʑivɦaː
49	Khotanese	biśāʾ		bɪʒɑ˞ː	biʒa˞ː
155	Middle Breton	teaut, teut		ˈteaut, ˈtewt
90	Polabian	jǫzĕk		ˈjuɯ̃zɘk	ˈjuŋzɘk
89	Kashubian	jãzëk		ˈjɒzɛk	ˈjaŋzʌk
55	Parthian	izβān	ʿzbʾn	ɪˈzβɑːn	zβaːn
27	Magahi	jībh	जीभ	ɟibʰ
28	Bhojpuri	jībh	जीभ	dʒibʱ
35	Palula	ǰip	جِپ	dʑip	ʑip
128	Neapolitan	lengua		ˈleŋɡwə	ˈlenɡwə
135	Anglo-Norman	lange
139	Franco-Provençal	lëga		ˈlʌːɡɐ	ˈlʌɡa
142	Old Spanish	lengua			ˈlenɡwa
125	Romanian	limbă		ˈlimbə	ˈlimbə
53	Yaghnobi	zivṓk	zivṓk
157	Breton: Treger	teod		ˈte̞ˑot	ˈteˑod
156	Breton: Gwened	tèd		tɛːt
151	Welsh: North	tafod		ˈtavɔd	ˈtavod
87	Old Polish	język		ˈjã̠zɨk	ˈjãzik
150	Middle Welsh	tafod			tavod
92	Old Czech	jazyk		ˈjazɨk	ˈjazik
96	Old Novgorod	ęzykŭ	ѧзыкъ	jæˈzɯk	jæˈzɯk	The context is not clear.
71	Kumzari	ẓwān		zˁwaːn	zˁwaːn
100	Rusyn	jazώk		jɑ̈ˈzɯk	jaˈzɯk
81	Macedonian: Suho	inʒìk		inˈdzʲik	inˈdzik
82	Macedonian: Visoka	inʒìk		inˈdzʲik	inˈdzik
86	Slovene: Kostel	jezik		ˈjɛːze̝k	ˈjɛːze̝k
84	Slovene: Early Modern	jesik
123	German: Bernese	Zunge		tsʊŋə	tsʊŋə
54	Bactrian	ezbago	εζβαγο		ezβaɡ	in text from Turfan; meaning probable but not certain from context
62	Tati	zobon			zobon
48	Sogdian	zβāk	zbʾq		zβaːk
63	Mazanderani	zebun			zebun
64	Balochi: Sistani	zwān			zwɑn
57	Kurdish C.: Jafi	zʷān			zʷɑn
138	Old Occitan	lengua				also: lenga
126	Megleno-Romanian	limbă
140	Old Catalan	llengua		ʎeŋɡwə	ʎeŋɡwə
37	Gawarbati	zip	زِپ	zip	zip	GM zib
24	Assamese	jibhā	জিভা	dʒibʰɑ
32	Punjabi	jībʰ	ਜੀਭ
36	Gawri	ǰib	جِب	dʑib̥	dʑib H
47	Khwarazmian	zβāk	zβʾk		zβaːk
50	Pashto	jaba	جبه	ˈd͡ʒə.ba	d͡ʒəba
39	Pashai: North-West	ǰiba	جبه	ˈd͡ʒɪbːə	d͡ʒiba
61	Raji: Barzoki	zeʋun		zeβ̞ũ	zeʋun
58	Kurdish S.: Elami	zwān			zwɒn
60	Hawrami	zwān			zwɑn
127	Dalmatian: Vegliote	laṅga			ˈlanɡa
119	Old High German	zunga		ˈtsuŋɡa	ˈtsunɡa
52	Sarikoli	ziv			ziv
113	Old Frisian	tunge		ˈtuŋɡe	ˈtunɡe
120	Middle High German	zunge		ˈtsuŋɡə	ˈtsunɡə
111	Old English	tunge		ˈtuŋɡe	ˈtunɡe
118	Old Saxon	tunga		ˈtuŋɡa	ˈtunɣa
115	Middle Dutch	tonghe		ˈtoŋɡə	ˈtonɣə
102	Old Icelandic	tunga		ˈtuŋɡa	ˈtunɡa
101	Gothic	tuggo	𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉	ˈtuŋɡoː	ˈtunɡoː
152	Middle Cornish	tavas			ˈtavəs
153	Late Cornish	tavaz			ˈtavəz	pl. tavazow [təˈvazow]
106	Norwegian: Nynorsk	tunge		ˈtuŋɡə	ˈtuŋɡɛ
145	Portuguese: Brazilian	lingua
45	Vâsi-vari: Paṣki	luz′ug		luzˈuɣ	luzˈuɡ
40	Kamviri	d′ić		dˈits	dˈits
41	Kâta-vari: Eastern	d′ić	dic	dˈits	dˈits
42	Kâta-vari: Ktivi	d′iz		dˈiz	dˈiz
43	Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm	ǰip		dʒˈip	dʒˈip
44	Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ	ž′uː		ʒˈʉː	ʒˈʉː
59	Kurdish S.: Qorveh	zwān			zwɑn
132	Milanese	léngua			ˈlenɡwa

References

Adams, Douglas Q.: 147

TochA käntu and TochB kantwo reflect PTch *käntwo which, by metathesis, presupposes an earlier *täkwo (as if) from PIE *dn̥g̑ʰ-u̯eH-n-, which matches the form found in Germanic (e.g. Goth. tuggō).

Derksen, Rick: 159

S.v. Proto-Slavic *ęzykъ, which is regular from*n̥g̑ʰ-uh₂- < *dn̥g̑ʰ-uh₂- with the addition a secondary suffix *-kъ in Slavic. The loss of initial *d- also apparent at the Proto-Balto-Slavic stage, cf. Old Prussian insuwis.

Derksen, Rick: 285

S.v. Lithuanian liežùvis 'tongue'. The Proto-Balto-Slavic form *inźuʔ- apparently lost initial *d- from PIE *dn̥g̑ʰ-uh₂- (cf. Old Prussian insuwis, Proto-Slavic *ęzy-kъ). The Lithuanian form was secondarily influenced by Lith. liẽžti 'lick'.

Kroonen, Guus: 526-527

S.v. Proto-Germanic *tungōn- 'tongue' < *dng̑ʰ-u̯eh₂- (cf. TochA käntu, TochB kantwo 'tongue' < *g̑ʰnd⁽ʰ⁾-ueh₂- (with metathesis), Skt. jihvā́ 'id.', Av. hizuua-/hizu- 'id.' < *d(i)ng̑ʰ-ueh₂-; Lat. lingua 'id.' < *lng̑ʰ-ieh₂-, OIr. tengae; Lith. liežùvis 'id.', OPr. insuwis < *ng̑ʰ-ueh₂-, OCS językъ, Ru. jazyk, SCr. jèzik < *ng̑ʰ-u-(ko-); Arm. lezu, gen. lezvi 'id.').

Lehmann, Winfred P.: 349

S.v. Goth. T37. tuggō 'γλῶσσα', 'tongue', from PIE *dʰn̥g̑ʰu-, *dʰn̥g̑ʰu̯ā with varied reflexes due to taboo deformation.

Mallory, J. P. and Adams, Douglas Q.: 175

PIE root widely remodelled; some forms seem to be blends of PIE 'tongue' and root *leig̑ʰ- 'lick'; Proto-Indo-Iranian *j́ij́ʱū́- (**j́ij́ʱú-) may continue a simple PIE (masculine) u-stem *dʰng̑ʰú-, but it shows reanalysis of the initial syllable as reduplication *j́i- ~ *j́u- to *j́i-j́ʱū́- (cf. *babʱrú- adj., etc.), cf. Vedic (RV) juhū́- f. 'tongue'; cf. Mayrhofer EWAia I, p. 591f.

Martirosyan, Hrach: 307-308

"The word is a blend of PIE *dn̥g̑ʰu(e)h₂- ‘tongue’ (OIr. tengae, Goth. tuggō, OHG zunga, Skt. jihvā́-, juhū́- f., Av. hizuuā-, hizū- m., etc.) and PIE *leig̑ʰ- > Arm. lizem ‘to lick’ (q.v.); cf. especially Lat. lingua vs. OLat. dingua and Lith. liežùvis ‘tongue’."

Matasović, Ranko: 368

S.v. Proto-Celtic *tengʷāt- 'tongue', generally connected with PIE *dng̑ʰuh₂- with initial *t instead of initial *d best explained as the result of assimilation *d … t > t … t. Elsewhere in IE cf. Skt. jihvā́, Lat. lingua, OHG zunga, OPr. insuwis, ToB kantwo.

Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:591-593

S.v. Ved. jihvā́- 'Zunge'. cf. further notes by Scarborough in this cognate class regarding the cognacy of the Indo-Iranian forms to the rest of the forms in this class.

Scarborough, Matthew:

Tocharian, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes derived from PIE *dn̥g̑ʰu̯éh₂- 'tongue'. The forms as attested appear to have undergone multiple contaminations in several daughter languages: (1) The Tocharian forms reflect *ĝn̥dʰu̯éh₂- ← PIE *dn̥g̑ʰu̯éh₂- by metathesis of place of articulation (cf. [Ringe 1996](src-695):45-6). (2) Balto-Slavic lexemes appear to have lost initial *d- already at a common Balto-Slavic stage ([Derksen 2008](src-81):159, [Derksen 2015](src-353):285, cf. [ESSJa](src-458) 6:74-75). (3) Armenian, Italic, and Lithuanian lexemes appear to have independently contaminated with initial l-, probably under influence of their respective regular reflexes of PIE *lei̯g̑ʰ- 'to lick' ([Martirosyan 2010](src-79):307-308, [de Vaan 2008](src-54):343,

Trubačev, O. N.: 6: 74-75

PS *ęzykŭ is related to Latin lingua, Gothic tungō, Old Prussian insuwis etc. It is, however, impossible to give an universal PIE protoform.

de Vaan, Michiel: 343

S.v. Lat. lingua. The basic Italic preform closely matches the form *dn̥g̑ʰu̯eh₂ found in Germanic, Tocharian, etc. but with a secondary (and evidently late) contamination of original d- to l- from Lat. lingō 'lick' (cf. Old Latin dingua). Sabellic forms with initial f- presuppose initial *dʰ-, but the origin of the aspiration of original *d- in these forms is unclear.