Cognate Set 519 – Meaning: bone

IE-CoR reference form:
*h₂ost-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Proposed as cognate to:
*kost- [Proto-Slavic] scale: 0
Justification:
Anatolian, Hellenic, Armenian, Albanian, Indo-Iranic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes continuing PIE *h₂ost-, the inherited Indo-European word for 'bone' (EIEC 77, cf. Kloekhorst 2008:325-326, Adams 2013:48-50, Beekes 2010:1119, Martirosyan 2010:533, Demiraj 1997:82-83, Orel 1998:11, EWAia I:150-151, ESIJa 1:232-234, de Vaan 2008:436-437, Matasović 2009:44-45). Perhaps cognate with the lexemes from Proto-Slavic *kost- with cognate set 1114 but the explanation of the initial k- is unclear (cf. further discussion in that cognate set). The PIE stem is usually reconstructed with initial *h₂- on the basis of Greek ἀστραγαλός 'knucklebone' (cf. Chantraine 1968–1980:129), but the etymological connection of this word to the lexemes in this class is rejected by Beekes 2010:157-158 who prefers to see Greek ἀστραγαλός as a substratum loanword.
Found in clades:
Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Celtic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 9 clades by 67 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
17   Armenian: Western oskor ոսկոր vɔsˈɡɔɾ ɔsɡɔɾ
16   Armenian: Eastern oskor ոսկոր vɔsˈkɔɾ ɔskɔɾ
141   Catalan os ɔs ɔs
136   French os ɔs ɔs
129   Italian osso ˈɔsso ˈɔsso
131   Ladin os ˈɔs
67   Persian: Tehran ostoxwān استخوان ostoˈχɒːn ostoχɒn
144   Portuguese osso ˈosu ˈosu
134   Sardinian: Logudoro ossu ˈossu ˈossu
133   Sardinian: Nuoro ossu ˈoːssu ˈoːssu
143   Spanish hueso ˈweso ˈweso
51   Wakhi ayč, ayšč ajt̠ʃ, ajʃt̠ʃ AF ayč
137   Walloon ohê ɔˈhɛː ɔˈhɛː
1   Hittite ḫaštāi / ḫašti- ḫa-aš-ta-a-i diphthong-stem inflection. cf. within Anatolian CLuw. ḫāš- ‘bone’ and HLuw. has- ‘force(?)’ (abl.-instr. “*314”ha-sa-ti-i ‘by force’ KARKAMIŠ A11c §30).
6   Greek: Ancient ostéon ὀστέον ostûːn o̞sté̞o̞n G.sg. ὀστέου . Attic form contracts medial -εο-. The uncontracted form is attested by Ionic ὀστέον.
21   Vedic: Early ásthi अस्थि ˈɐstʰi ástʰi abl.-gen. asthnás AV
124   Latin os os os gen. ossis
4   Tocharian B āy, āyo aj, ˈajo ajə, ajo Suppletive pl. āsta; pace Stalmaszczyk and Witczak (1990:40-1) and Katz (1997:72-7), āy probably not from PIE *h₂ést by a rule of *-s > *-y in monosyllables.
3   Tocharian A āy aj aj
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini hestik hæstik
130   Friulian vues ˈvwɛs ˈvwɛs
72   Ossetic: Iron stæg стӕг ʃtɜɡ ʃtɜɡ
73   Ossetic: Digor æstæg ӕстӕг ɜstɜɡ ɜstɜɡ
15   Armenian: Classical oskr ոսկր ˈvɔskəɾ ɔsk-ɛɾ- Traditionally pronounced [vɔskəɾ].
2   Luvian ḫāš- ḫa-a-aš-ša (CL) assured only for CL; HL has- 'force(?)', abl.-instr. "*314"ha-sá-ti-i 'by force' KARKAMIŠ A11c §30. CL ḫāš- without final -t- (cf. Hitt. ḫaštāi-, but Lat. os).
22   Pali aṭṭhi ɐʈʈʰɪ aʈʈʰi
155   Middle Breton ascorn ˈaskorn According to Schrijver (1995, 53-55) a compound containing 'horn' as a second member.
49   Khotanese āstai ɑːstɐi aːstai̯ aa-stem (cf. Emmerick 1968: 298 and 2009: 385)
7   Greek: New Testament ostéon ὀστέον o̞sˈtun o̞sˈte̞o̞n Attested: Joh 19:36
66   Middle Persian ast ʾst ast ast AF ʾstg /astag/; ZP ʾstk
55   Parthian astag ʾstg astaɡ astaɡ
12   Greek: Italiot stéo στέο ˈste̞o̞ ˈste̞o̞ It.
53   Yaghnobi siták sɪ̆ˈtac
9   Greek: Cappadocian stoú(d)i στού(δ)ι ˈstu(ð)i ˈstu(ð)i also /ˈstudi/
10   Greek: Pontic ostoúði(n) οστούδι(ν) o̞ˈstuði(n) o̞ˈstuði(n)
125   Romanian os os os
128   Neapolitan uosso ˈwossə ˈwossə
135   Anglo-Norman os
139   Franco-Provençal ôh ˈox ˈox masculine noun
142   Old Spanish (h)uesso ˈweso
156   Breton: Gwened askorn askɔʁn
157   Breton: Treger askorn ˈaskɔɹn ˈaskɔrn
151   Welsh: North asgwrn ˈasɡ̊ʊrn ˈasɡurn
46   Avestan: Younger ast 𐬀𐬯𐬙 ast nom.-acc. sg. as-ca; pl. asti, azdəbīš, astąm
150   Middle Welsh ascwrn asɡurn
18   Albanian: Gheg asht ADGjSh II p. 276
62   Tati osġonj osɢond͡ʒ
48   Sogdian staki stqy staki
63   Mazanderani hestāġun hestɒɢun
68   Bakhtiari estexun ʔesteχun esteχun
69   Delvari asseɣun asseɣun
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi ǝsqān əsqɑn
138   Old Occitan os
126   Megleno-Romanian os
47   Khwarazmian astik ʾstk astik
20   Albanian: Arbëresh ash ˈaʂː
140   Old Catalan os ɔs ɔs
58   Kurdish S.: Elami sıxān sɘ̟χɒn
61   Raji: Barzoki ostoxun ʔɔst̪ɔχũ ɔst̪ɔχun
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote vu̯as vwas
52   Sarikoli istqhun istχun
152   Middle Cornish ascorn ˈaskərn
153   Late Cornish asgarn, askern ˈaskərn
145   Portuguese: Brazilian osso
39   Pashai: North-West aṭu اټو ʔaˈʈu aʈu
132   Milanese òs ɔs
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh suqān sʊqɑn
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 48-50
    S.v. TochB āyo 'bone'; most likely from PIE *h₂ést-, pl. *h₂ést(e)h₂ with the e-grade generalised, perhaps extended by PIE *-yo/eh₂- suffix found in body-part terms. (Cf. entry in Adams for further discussion of the Tocharian stem formation.).
  • Beekes, Robert: 1119
    S.v. ὀστέον 'bone' < PIE *h₃esth₂-i- 'bone' (cf. Av. ast-, Lat. os < oss < *ost, gen. ossis, Skt. ásth-i, Hitt. ḫaštāi). Ancient Greek ὀστέον is clearly connected to the inherited word for 'bone'; Beekes reconstructs *h₃esth₁-i-, but supposes a thematised full-grade of the suffix *-i-, yielding *-ei̯-o-, which in turn would have given ὀστέον as it is attested.
  • Demiraj, Bardhyl: 82-83
    S.v. Alb. ásht, older áshtë (Buzuku, Budi) 'Knochen', from the IE inherited word for bone (cf. Ved. ásthi, Gk. ὀστέον, Lat. os, ossis, etc.), from PIE *h₃ost-.
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 325-326
    S.v. Hitt. ḫaštāi- / ḫasti- (n.) 'bone(s); (metaphorically) strength; a measure of length (GÌR.PAD.DU)', from PIE *h₃ést-ōi, *h₃esth₁-i-. cf. CLuw. ḫāš- 'bone'.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 533
    S.v. Arm. oskr 'bone', to be derived from the PIE word for 'bone' found in Skt. ásthi, asthnás 'bone', Gk. ὀστέον 'bone', Lat. os, ossis 'bone, leg', Hitt. ḫaštāi-, ḫašti- 'bone', CLuw. ḫāš- 'bone'.
  • Matasović, Ranko: 44-45
    Cf. s.v. Proto-Celtic *astn(iy)o- 'rib', from PIE *h₂osth₁- 'bone' (cf. Hitt. hastāi-, Luv. hās-, Skt. ásthi- Gk. ὀστέον, Lat. os, ossis, Alb. asht, Arm. oskr).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:150-151
    S.v. Ved. ásthi- 'Knochen, Bein' (cf. OAv., YAv. ast-uuaṇt- 'mit einem knochenhaften Leib versehen', OAv. astəṇ-tāt- 'Körperhaftigkeit', MPers., NPers. ast), probably from PIE *h₂ost-h₂/n- (cf. Hitt. hastai- 'Knochen, Gebein', Gk. ὀστέον 'Knochen', Lat. os, oss-is 'Bein, Knochen', etc.).
  • Orel, Vladimir: 11
    S.v. Alb. asht 'bone', from PAlb. ašti or ašta and further connected with PIE *ost(i)- 'bone' (cf. Hitt. ḫaštai-, Skt. ásthi, Gk. ὀστέον, etc.).
  • Steblin-Kamenskij, I. M.: 423
    S.v. уауč, ауč 'кость'.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 436-437
    S.v. Lat. os, ossis 'bone', from PIE *h₃o/est- 'bone' (cf. MW ascurn, OCo. ascorn 'bone' < *ast-k-, OCo. asen, MIr. asna 'rib' < *astVn-; Hitt. haštāi-/hašti- 'bone(s), strength', CLuw. hāš- 'bone' < *h₃esth₁-ōi, -i-; Skt. ásthi- 'bone', YAv. ast- 'bone, body with bones', Gk. ὀστέον 'bone', Arm. oskr, OAlb. ashtë 'bone').