Cognate Set 131 – Meaning: star

IE-CoR reference form:
*h₂ster-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Anatolian, Tocharian, Hellenic, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes continuing PIE *h₂stḗr-, *h₂ster- ́ 'star' (NIL 348-354, cf. Kloekhorst 2008:326, Adams 2013:701, Beekes 2010:156-157, Martirosyan 2010:120-122, Clackson 2017:110, EWAia II:755-756, Turner 1962–1966:330 no. 5798, Lehmann 1986:322, Kroonen 2013:478, de Vaan 2008:585, Matasović 2009:355). For a proposed deep etymological connection with PIE *h₂eh₁s- 'to dry up/wither by heat' cf. Pinault 2007.
Found in clades:
Anatolian, Armenian, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 10 clades by 117 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
25   Bengali tārā তারা t̪ara cf. they
141   Catalan estel əsˈtɛɫ əsˈtɛl
110   Danish stjerne ˈsdjæɐ̯nə
116   Dutch ster stɛr
112   English star stɑː Middle English sterre, Old English steora
104   Faroese stjørna ˈʃœd̥na, ˈstjœd̥na
117   Flemish ster
136   French étoile etwal etwal
114   Frisian stjer stjɛːr replaced STER(RE), STJIR(RE).
122   German Stern ˈʃtɛɐn ˈʃtɛʁn
8   Greek: Modern Std astéri αστέρι asˈte̞ri asˈte̞ri Alternative form άστρο
29   Hindi tārā तारा t̪ɑɾɑ t̪ɑrɑ
103   Icelandic stjarna ˈstjard̥na
129   Italian stella ˈstella ˈstella
34   Kashmiri taarokh تارُکھ t̪ɑːrʊkʰ t̪ɑːrokʰ
131   Ladin steila ˈʃtei̯la
33   Marathi tārā तारा t̪ara
31   Nepali tārā तारा t̪ara
67   Persian: Tehran setāreh ستاره setʰɒre setɒre
144   Portuguese estrela ɨʃˈtɾelɐ ɨʃˈtɾelɐ
105   Norwegian: Bokmål stjerne ˈstjæ̀ːɳə ˈstjæ̀ːrnɛ
134   Sardinian: Logudoro istella isˈtɛlla isˈtɛlla
133   Sardinian: Nuoro isteddu isˈteddu isˈteddu
23   Sinhalese taruva තරුව
143   Spanish estrella esˈtɾeja esˈtɾeja
109   Swedish stjärna ˈɧæ̀ːɳa
51   Wakhi stor stor
137   Walloon steûle støːl støːl
1   Hittite ḫašter(a)- ḫa-aš-te-er-za
3   Tocharian A śre ɕre ɕre Attested pl. śreñ.
4   Tocharian B ściriye* ɕtɕiˈrije ɕtɕəˈrəje Attested ścirye; i for *ä in initial syllable due to preceding palatal cluster.
21   Vedic: Early (s)tar- (स्)तर्- (s)tɐɾ- (s)tar- stem, pl. tā́ras, obl. str̥-
30   Urdu tārā تارا t̪ɑɾɑ
26   Maithili tārā तारा t̪ɑɾɑ
6   Greek: Ancient astḗr ἀστήρ astɛ́ːr astɛ́ːr G.sg. ἀστέρος
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini stēr steːr
16   Armenian: Eastern astł աստղ ɑstəʁ ɑstʁ
121   Luxembourgish Stär ʃtɛːɐ ʃtɛːɐ
124   Latin stēlla ˈsteːlla ˈsteːlla G.sg. stēllae
130   Friulian stele ˈstɛle ˈstɛle
46   Avestan: Younger star 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 star
72   Ossetic: Iron st'aly стъалы ˈʃtʼɑlɘ ʃtʼalə
73   Ossetic: Digor st'alu стъалу stʼɑlu stʼalu
15   Armenian: Classical ɑstł աստղ ˈɑstəʁ ɑst-ɛɫ-
148   Gaulish stir- Attested in a theonym.
154   Old Breton sterenn
149   Old Welsh sseren seren
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese áši άσ̌ι ˈaʃi ˈaʃi /ˈatʃi/ or /ˈaʃki/ NPT
107   Elfdalian stienna ˈstɪ̀ɛnːɑ ˈstɪ̀ɛnːɑ
108   Old Swedish stiärna ˈstjærna stjærna
22   Pali tārakā taːɾɐkaː taːrakaː
27   Magahi taregan तरेगन t̪əreɡən
17   Armenian: Western astł աստղ ˈɑzdəʁ ɑzd-ʁ
155   Middle Breton sterenn, steren ˈsteːren Singulative. The corresponding collective is ster.
49   Khotanese stārai stɑːrɐi staːrai̯ Pl. stārā, stem stāraa- < *stāraka-
7   Greek: New Testament astḗr ἀστήρ asˈte̝r asˈte̝r
66   Middle Persian istar ʿstr ɪˈstaɾ star AF ʿstʾrg /istārag/; ZP stl, stʾlk
55   Parthian astārag ʾstʾrg astɑːraɡ astaːraɡ
11   Greek: Cypriot ástron άστρον ˈɐstrɔn ˈɐstrɔn
14   Tsakonian: Propontis (a)stéri (α)στέρι (a)ˈste̞ri (a)ˈste̞ri
12   Greek: Italiot ástro άστρο ˈastro̞ ˈastro̞ Cal.; /(a)ˈste̞ri/ Ap.
9   Greek: Cappadocian ástro(s) άστρο(ς) ˈastro(s) ˈastro(s)
10   Greek: Pontic áštros, áštro(n) άσ̌τρος, άσ̌τρο(ν) ˈaʃtro̞s, ˈaʃtro̞(n) ˈaʃtro̞s, ˈaʃtro̞(n) also /ˈastro̞s/, /ˈastro̞(n)/
128   Neapolitan stella ˈstellə ˈstellə
135   Anglo-Norman esteille
139   Franco-Provençal étaila eˈtæĭlɐ eˈta͡ila
142   Old Spanish estrella esˈtɾeʎa
125   Romanian stea ste̯a ste̯a
35   Palula tóoru توروۡ ˈt̪oːɾo tóoru
157   Breton: Treger stered ˈste̝ːɹët, steˈɹe̝ːdën ˈste̝rëd, steˈre̝dën clv, steredenn sgv
156   Breton: Gwened stired, stiredenn ʃtiɾɛt clv, ʃtiɾɛdɛn sɡv stired is the collective, stirdenn the singulative
151   Welsh: North seren ˈsɛran ˈseran
150   Middle Welsh seren seren
71   Kumzari stārg staːɻɡ staːɻɡ
53   Yaghnobi sitṓra sitṓra
123   German: Bernese Stärn ʃtærn ʃtærn
138   Old Occitan estella
126   Megleno-Romanian ste̯áu̯ă
140   Old Catalan estela əsˈtə ɫə əsˈtə ɫə
37   Gawarbati taara تارہ t̪aːˈɾə taːra GM t'āra
32   Punjabi tārā ਤਾਰਾ
36   Gawri tār تار t̪ɒ̰ːɾ̥ tɒːr H(L)
47   Khwarazmian ǝstārik ʾstʾryk əstaːrik
48   Sogdian stārē stʾry staːreː
50   Pashto store ستورۍ ˈst̪o.re st̪ore
39   Pashai: North-West staaru ستارو sɪ̆ˈtaːɾu staːru
63   Mazanderani setare setɒre
68   Bakhtiari āstāre ʔɑstɑɾe ɑstɑre
61   Raji: Barzoki estạrạ ʔest̪a̠ˁɾa̠ˁ est̪a̠ˁɾa̠ˁ
69   Delvari setɒre setɒre
70   Lari setāra setɒra
64   Balochi: Sistani estār estɑr
62   Tati āsteriye asterije
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi ḥasāra ħæsɑræ
58   Kurdish S.: Elami awsāra awsɒɾa Some speakers of this variety, but not the interviewed speaker, use the form āsāra.
60   Hawrami hasāra hæsɑræ
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote stala ˈstala
119   Old High German stern stern stern
52   Sarikoli khturj xtuɾd͡ʑ
113   Old Frisian stera ˈstera ˈstera
120   Middle High German sterne ˈsternə ˈsternə
111   Old English steorra ˈsteo̯rrɑ ˈsteo̯rrɑ
118   Old Saxon sterro ˈsterro ˈsterro
115   Middle Dutch sterre ˈsterrə ˈsterrə
102   Old Icelandic stjarna ˈstjarna ˈstjarna
101   Gothic stairno 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 ˈstɛrnoː ˈstɛrnoː
153   Late Cornish sterran, steran ˈsterən
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk stjerne ˈstjæʁnə ˈstjɛʁnɛ
145   Portuguese: Brazilian estrela
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki išt′ik ištˈīk iʃtˈiːk iʃtˈik
24   Assamese tôrā তৰা tɔɹɑ
40   Kamviri řâšt′o ɹæʃtˈo̞ ɹaʃtˈo̞
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern řušt′o ɹuʃtˈo̞ ɹuʃtˈo̞
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi št′o ʃtˈo̞ ʃtˈo̞
44   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ ist′ẫ istˈã istˈã
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh hasāra hæsɑræ
132   Milanese stèla ˈstɛla
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 701
    S.v. TochB ścriye 'star', which with TochA śre* reflect PToch *scär-ii̯ē, which seems evidently to be related to Gk. ἀστήρ, Hitt. ḫaštēr-, Skt. ins.pl. str̥bhiḥ, nom.pl. tāraḥ, OIr. ser, Goth. stairno, Lat. stēlla, all 'star'.
  • Beekes, Robert: 156-157
    S.v. ἀστήρ, -έρος 'star', from PIE *h₂ster- 'star' (cf. Hitt. ḫašterza, Arm. astł, OIr. ser, Goth. stairno, ToB ścriye, Av. stār-əm (acc.sg.), Skt. tā́raḥ (nom.pl.), stŕ̥-bhiḥ (ins.pl.), Lat. stēlla).
  • Clackson, James: 110
    S.v. No. 10 [Arm.] astł 'star', derived from PIE *h₂ster-, where the final -ł- has been suggested as due to a blend with PIE *seh₂u̯ol 'sun', otherwise lost in Armenian (cf. Olsen 1999:159-160, partly followed by Martirosyan 2010:122).
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 326
    S.v. Hitt. ḫašter(a)- 'star', from PIE *h₂ster- (cf. Gk. ἀστήρ, Arm. astł, Skt. stár-, Lat. stēlla, Goth. stairno 'star').
  • Kroonen, Guus: 478
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *ster(r)a/jōn- 'star', as though from PIE *h₂stér-on- (cf. Hitt. ḫašter- 'star', TochA śre, TochB ścriye, 'id.', Skt. stár-, OAv., YAv. star-, NP sitāra, Oss. st’aly ; (æ)st’alu, Gk. ἀστήρ, -έρος, OIr. ser < *h₂ster-; Arm. astł, Lat. stella < *h₂ster-l-eh₂).
  • Lehmann, Winfred P.: 322
    S.v. Goth. S131. *stairno 'ἀστήρ', 'star' (Crimean Gothic *stern 'stella', misprinted as stein), from PIE *(s)tēr- (cf. Skt. stár-, Av. stārəm (acc.sg.), Gk. ἀστήρ, Lat. stella, etc.).
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 120-122
    S.v. Arm. astł 'star'. Since long compared with Gk. ἀστήρ, -έρος, Skt. nom.pl. tā́raḥ, ins.pl. stŕ̥-bhiḥ, Av. star-, Pers. sitāra, Goth. stairno, Lat. stēlla, etc. from PIE *h₂ster-. The 'prothetic' a- in Greek and Armenian is the regular outcome of PIE *h₂-.
  • Matasović, Ranko: 355
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *sterā 'star', from PIE *h₂stēr- 'star' (IEW 1028), cf. Hitt. hasterz, Gk. ἀστήρ, Lat. stēlla, Goth. stairno. OIr. ser is a hapax in one of the Leinster eulogies, therefore the PCelt. reconstruction is unknown. Gaul. sirona, if it is from the same etymon, perhaps contains the original lengthened grade of the nom.sg. *h₂stēr >> PCelt. *stīr-ōnā.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:755-756
    S.v. Ved. stár- 'Stern' (RV ins.pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, nom.pl. tā́raḥ [RV 8.55.2]; OAv., YAv. star-, etc.), from PIE *h₂stér- (cf. Hitt. ḫa-aš-te-er-za, Gk. ἀστήρ, Arm. astł, Lat. stēlla, Goth. stairno, etc.).
  • Pinault, Georges-Jean: 274
    Proposes an etymology PIE *h₂h₁stér- 'star' < 'celestial fire', internally derived from an adverb *h₂h₁stér- 'pertaining (by contrast) to the burning', based on the root noun *h₂óh₁s- 'burning', whence 'fire'; cf. PIE *h₂eh₁s- 'to dry up/wither by heat' (LIV² 257f.).
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 330
    S.v. 5798 Skt. tārā- f. 'fixed star' Yājñ., tā́raḥ nom.pl. RV. 2. tā́rakā- f. 'star' AV. 3. *tārikā-. 4. tāraká- 'belonging to the stars' VS.
  • Wodtko, Dagmar S. and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin: 348-354
    S.v. *h₂stḗr-, *h₂ster- ́ f. 'Stern' (IEW 1027f. EIEC 543). Cf. fn.1 with a discussion of a possible underlying verbal root as well as the assumption of a Semitic or Sumerian loanword.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 585
    S.v. Lat. stēlla 'star', from PItal. *stērla-, derived from PIE *h₂stēr-s, *h₂ster- 'star' (cf. OIr. ser, W. seren, Co. sterenn, Bret. sterenn < PCl. *ster-, OIr. sell 'iris' < *stillo-, MIr. sellaid 'to see', MW syllu 'to gaze', Bret. sellout 'to watch' < PCl. stīrlo- 'star' < PIE *h₂stēr-lo-; Hitt. hašter(a)- 'star' < *h₂ster-; Skt. tā́raḥ (nom.pl), stŕ̥bhiḥ (instr.pl.), Av. star-, Khot. stārra- 'star', Gk. ἀστήρ, -έρος, Arm. astł, Goth. stairno, TochB ścriye 'star'). The Italic forms reflect an additional adjectival suffix *-lo- added to nom.sg. stem *h₂stēr-, from which the new substantive 'star' was taken from the feminine form, i.e. Proto-Italic *stēr-lā- > Lat. stēlla.