Cognate Set 225 – Meaning: foot

IE-CoR reference form:
*ped-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Anatolian, Tocharian, Hellenic, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Germanic, and Italic lexemes derived from PIE *ped- 'to step; to fall, sink' (NIL 526-540), cf. Kloekhorst 2008:653-654, Adams 2013:432, Beekes 2010:1227-1228, Martirosyan 2010:534-535, EWAia II:77-78 Kroonen 2013:152, de Vaan 2008:462, LIV² 458).
Found in clades:
Anatolian, Armenian, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 8 clades by 99 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
17   Armenian: Western otkʿ ոտք vɔdkʰ ɔd-kʰ
16   Armenian: Eastern otkʿ ոտք vɔtkʰ ɔt-kʰ see lexeme 1770. Changed from OT.
25   Bengali pā পা pa Also 'leg'.
141   Catalan peu pɛw pɛw
110   Danish fod ˈfoˀð
116   Dutch voet vut
112   English foot fʊt Middle English fot, Old English fōt
104   Faroese fótur ˈfɔuːtʊɹ
117   Flemish voet
136   French pied pje pje
114   Frisian foet fuət
122   German Fuß ˈfuːs ˈfuːs
8   Greek: Modern Std pódi πόδι ˈpo̞ði ˈpo̞ði
103   Icelandic fótur ˈfouːtʰʏr Replaced FOTR. Also 'leg'.
129   Italian piede ˈpjɛːde ˈpjɛde
131   Ladin pe ˈpe
33   Marathi pāya पाय paj Removed PAUL.
67   Persian: Tehran pā پا pʰɒː pɒ AF پاى pāy /pɒ:j/
144   Portuguese pé pɛ pɛ
134   Sardinian: Logudoro pe ˈpɛː ˈpɛː
133   Sardinian: Nuoro pe ˈpɛː ˈpɛː
23   Sinhalese paya කකුල / පය
109   Swedish fot fuːt
51   Wakhi pʉð pʉð
137   Walloon pî piː piː
1   Hittite pāt- / pat-, pata- pa-a-tu-u[š] The lexeme is normally spelled using the Sumerogram GÌR (Akk. ŠĒPU), e.g. nom.sg. GÌR-aš. The native script form given, pa-a-tu-u[š] is acc.pl. Also attested are instr. pa-te-et, gen.pl. pa-ta-a-an, and dat.-loc.pl. pa-ta-a-aš. According to Kloekhorst (2008:653-654) the OH forms may reflect the original athematic root noun, while the thematic pata- forms attested in NH are secondary innovations.
3   Tocharian A pe pe pe Ultimately from a derivative *pod-yo-; cf. Toch. B paiyye. Du. peṃ., pl. peyu, peñ* (acc. pes).
4   Tocharian B paiyye ˈpaɪje pajje Ultimately from a derivative *pod-yo-, though the exact source of the unusual sequence -aiy- is unclear; the unextended noun survives in -pew '-footed' < PIE *pod-w(e)nt- and perhaps du. paine. See Kim 2018:80–1.
6   Greek: Ancient poús πούς púːs púːs G.sg. ποδός.
21   Vedic: Early pā́t पात् ˈpaːt páːd
124   Latin pēs peːs peːs gen. pedis
121   Luxembourgish Fouss fəʊs fəʊs
26   Maithili pair पैर pɛr also ‘leg’
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini pē peː
130   Friulian pît ˈpiːt ˈpiːt Der. pedin.
46   Avestan: Younger pad 𐬞𐬀𐬛 pad Acc. sg., dual pāδa, pāδauue; pl. paδəbiiasca
15   Armenian: Classical otn ոտն ˈvɔtən ɔt-in-
65   Old Persian pāda 𐎱𐎠𐎭 paːda
146   Oscan pedú Native script: pedú (A.pl.? CA B 30)
147   Umbrian peři Native script: peři (abl.sg., Ia 29, 32). Latin script persi (abl.sg., VIb, 24, 37-39).
2   Luvian pāta-, pad(i)- pa-ta-a-aš (CL)
105   Norwegian: Bokmål fot fuːt fuːt
108   Old Swedish foter ˈfoːter foːter
107   Elfdalian fuot fʉət fʉət also used for "leg"
22   Pali pāda (pādo) paːdoː paːdo
5   Greek: Mycenaean po-de 𐀡𐀆 pódei̯ pódei̯ D.sg. po-de /podei̯/ (PY Ta 641.1), also instrumental º-po-pi in qe-te-ro-po-pi (PY Ae 27.a, etc.) /kʷeteropod-pʰi/ (Instrumental) 'with four feet'.
49   Khotanese pai pæi pai̯ Pl. pā
7   Greek: New Testament poús πούς pus pus > 30 attestations in the NT.
66   Middle Persian pāy pʾy pɑːj paːj ZP pʾdy
55   Parthian pāδ pʾd pɑːð paːð
11   Greek: Cypriot póin πόιν ˈpɔin ˈpɔðin
12   Greek: Italiot pódi πόδι ˈpo̞ði ˈpo̞ði Cal.; /ˈpo̞da/ Ap.
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese poúa πούα ˈpua ˈpua
10   Greek: Pontic póda(s), podári(n) πόδα(ς), ποδάρι(ν) ˈpo̞ða(s), po̞ˈðari(n) ˈpo̞ða(s), po̞ˈðari(n)
28   Bhojpuri pair पैर pɛɾ
9   Greek: Cappadocian pîdár πι̂δάρ pɯˈðar̥ pɯðar also /(p)ter/
14   Tsakonian: Propontis pha π̔α pʰa pʰa
135   Anglo-Norman pé
139   Franco-Provençal pi ˈpi ˈpi
142   Old Spanish pie pje
125   Romanian picior piˈt͡ʃʲor piˈtʃjor Also 'leg'.
128   Neapolitan pere ˈpɛɾə ˈpɛrə
53   Yaghnobi pṓda pṓda
30   Urdu pāvn پاؤں pɑ̃ʋ
29   Hindi pām̐va पाँव pɑ̃ʋ pɑ̃v
71   Kumzari pā paː paː
68   Bakhtiari pā pɑ pɑ
54   Bactrian palo παλο paːl hapax; the context would also allow leg"" (not in Sims-Williams 2007)
123   German: Bernese Fuess fʊəss fʊəss
62   Tati pā pa
48   Sogdian pāδ pʾd pɑːð paːð "foot, leg"
69   Delvari pɒ pɒ
70   Lari pā pɒ
64   Balochi: Sistani pād pɑd
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi pe pe
138   Old Occitan ped
126   Megleno-Romanian pičór
47   Khwarazmian pāδa pʾδ paːða
140   Old Catalan peu pɛw pɛw
60   Hawrami pā pɑ
61   Raji: Barzoki pạ pa̠ˁ pa̠ˁ
32   Punjabi pair ਪੈਰ
39   Pashai: North-West pe پای pɛˑ peː
38   Khowar pong پونگ pɔˑŋk pɔnɡ
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote pič pitʃ The form pì, usually selected as representative, is a hapax. The other two forms function as both singular and plural.
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote pins pins
119   Old High German fuoz fuo̯s̻ fuo̯s̻
52   Sarikoli pedh peð
113   Old Frisian fōt foːt foːt
120   Middle High German vuoz fuə̯s̻ fuə̯s̻
111   Old English fōt foːt foːt
118   Old Saxon fôt foːt foːt
115   Middle Dutch voet vuə̯t vuə̯t
102   Old Icelandic fótr foːtr foːtr
101   Gothic fotus 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 ˈfoːtus ˈfoːtus
143   Spanish pie pje pje
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk fot fuːt fuːt
145   Portuguese: Brazilian pé
132   Milanese pè pɛ
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 432
    S.v. TochB paiyye 'foot', TochA peṃ and TochB *peine must represent an older dual form *pei to which the dual ending *-ne has been added. This Proto-Tocharian *pei is the phonologically expected reflex of PIE dual *póde (cf. Gk. πόδε) of the PIE word for foot *ped-/*pod-.
  • Beekes, Robert: 1227-1228
    S.v. ποῦς, ποδός 'foot' < PIE *pod-. The Greek form has generalised o-grade ablaut throughout the nominal paradigm, but the e-grade is attested in some other derivative forms: πέδη 'fetter, shackles', πέζα 'instep', πέζος 'walker, footsoldier', πέδον 'soil, earth, ground', πέδλιον 'sandal', πεδά 'after, with, amidst'. A zero-grade is also attested in ἐπίβδα 'the day after a festival'.
  • Kloekhorst, Alwin: 653-654
    S.v. Hitt. pāt- / pat-, pata- 'foot, leg', from a PIE athematic root noun *pód-/*pd-. New Hittite texts attest a thematised noun pada-, cf. CLuw. pāta/i-, HLuw. pada/i-, Lyc. pede/i-.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 152
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *fōt- 'foot', from PIE *pōd- (cf. Hitt. pāt- ~ pat-, Skt. pā́t, pad-, YAv. pad-, OPers. pāda-, Arm. otn, etc.).
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 534-535
    S.v. Arm. *ot- 'foot'. The Armenian singulative ot-n reflects the PIE acc. *pód-m̥, from PIE *ped-/*pod- 'foot'.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:77-78
    S.v. Ved. pád- 'Fuß'. In Ir. cf. YAv. pad-, OPers. pāda-, Khot. päa-, Parth. p'd-, etc. From PIE *ped- (~ *pod-, *pd-) 'Fuß' (cf. Arm. ot-, Gk. πούς, OEng. fēt, Lat. pēs, ped-is, etc.).
  • Wodtko, Dagmar S. and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin: 526-540
    S.v. *ped- 'treten; fallen, sinken' (LIV² 458, IEW 790ff.).
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 462
    S.v. Lat. pēs, pedis 'foot', from PIE nom.sg. pōd-s, acc. po/ed-m, loc.sg. ped-i.