Cognate Set 314 – Meaning: sun

IE-CoR reference form:
*seh₂-u̯l̥-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Hellenic, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes continuing PIE *séh₂u̯el-, sh₂(u)u̯en- (?), *sh₂un-, *sh₂ul- 'sun' (NIL 606-611, cf. Beekes 2010:516, EWAia II:742, Turner 1962–1966:782 no. 13574, Abaev 1959–1995 IV:246-248, ALEW 892, Derksen 2015:390, Derksen 2008:479-480, Kroonen 2013:463-464, de Vaan 2008:570, Matasović 2009:324). For an influential analysis of the nominal formation cf. Beekes 1984.
Found in clades:
Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 9 clades by 116 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
79   Bulgarian sl″nce слънце ˈsɫɤntsɘ ˈslɤntse
98   Belarusian sonca сонца ˈsɔntsɑ̈ ˈsontso
141   Catalan sol sɔɫ sɔl
93   Czech slunce ˈsluntsɛ ˈsluntse
110   Danish sol ˈsoˀl
116   Dutch zon zɔn
112   English sun sʌn Old English sunne
104   Faroese sól sɔuːl
117   Flemish zon
136   French soleil sɔlɛj sɔlɛj
114   Frisian sinne sɪnə
122   German Sonne ˈzɔnə ˈzɔnə
8   Greek: Modern Std ī́lios ήλιος ˈiʎo̞s ˈilio̞s
103   Icelandic sól souːl
129   Italian sole ˈsoːle ˈsole
131   Ladin soredl soˈredl
76   Lithuanian sáulė ˈsɑˑʊlʲeː ˈsaˑʊlʲeː
95   Sorbian: Lower słyńco ˈswɘ̟ɲtsɔ ˈswɘ̟ɲtso
94   Sorbian: Upper słónčko ˈswʊntʃkɔ ˈswʊntʃkɔ Formally a diminutive but much more often used than 'słónco'
80   Macedonian sonce сонце ˈso̞ntsɛ ˈsontse
88   Polish słońce ˈswɔɲtsɛ, ˈswɔjntsɛ ˈswoɲtsɛ
144   Portuguese sol sɔl sɔl
105   Norwegian: Bokmål sol suːl suːl Standard, many eastern and northern dialects.
97   Russian solnce солнце ˈsɔntsɘ ˈsontse
134   Sardinian: Logudoro sole ˈsɔːlɛ ˈsɔːlɛ
133   Sardinian: Nuoro sole ˈsɔlɛ ˈsɔlɛ
83   Serbo-Croat sunce ˈsûːntsɛ ˈsûːntse
91   Slovak slnko ˈsl̩ŋkɔ ˈslnko
85   Slovene sonce ˈsóːntsɛ ˈsóːntsɛ
143   Spanish sol sɔl sol
109   Swedish sol suːl
99   Ukrainian sonce сонце ˈsɔntsɛ̽ ˈsontse
137   Walloon solo sɔlɔ sɔlɔ
77   Old Prussian saule
124   Latin sōl soːɫ soːl G.sg. sōlis
74   Latvian saule ˈsɑulɛ sɑulɛ
78   Old Church Slavonic slŭnĭce слъньцє sl̩nɪ̆tsʲɛ sl̩nɪtse
21   Vedic: Early sū́ryaḥ सूर्यः suːɾjɐh súːrjas ~ sū́ria- ~ sū́ra- m. ~ svàr n.
6   Greek: Ancient hḗlios ἥλιος hɛ́ːlio̞s hɛ́ːlio̞s G.sg. ἡλίου
121   Luxembourgish Sonn zon zon
67   Persian: Tehran xuršīd خورشيد χorˈʃiːd χorʃid related to Avestan huuarə
130   Friulian soreli soˈreli soˈreli Deriv. soreglon.
72   Ossetic: Iron xur хур χur χur
73   Ossetic: Digor xor хор χor χor
46   Avestan: Younger huuar 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 hu̯ar Gen. sg. OAv. xᵛə̄ṇg, YAv. hū < *huwəŋh < *suwán-s
51   Wakhi yir jir
154   Old Breton houl
148   Gaulish sonno- Reconstructed form based on attestation in calendar of Coligny.
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese ī́lie ήλιε ˈiʎe̞ ˈiʎe̞
107   Elfdalian suol sʉəl sʉəl
108   Old Swedish sol soːl soːl
22   Pali suriya sʊɾɪjɐ surija
155   Middle Breton heaul, eaul, heol ˈheol, ˈheaul, ˈeol, ˈeaul
7   Greek: New Testament hḗlios ἥλιος ˈe̝l(i/j)o̞s ˈe̝lio̞s > 30 attestations in the NT.
89   Kashubian słuńce ˈswɘ̟ɲtsɛ ˈswɘɲtse
66   Middle Persian xwar xwr xʷaɾ xʷar Also xwrxšyd, hwrxšyd /xwaršēd/; ZP hwl
11   Greek: Cypriot ī́lios ήλιος ˈiʎːɔs ˈiljɔs
14   Tsakonian: Propontis ī́lie ήλιε ˈiʎe̞ ˈiʎe̞
53   Yaghnobi xʉ̄r ˈχyːr
12   Greek: Italiot ī́lio ήλιο ˈiʎʎo̞ ˈilio̞ Cal.; /ˈiɟio̞/ Ap.
10   Greek: Pontic (g)ī́lös (γ)ήλο̈ς ˈ(ɣ)iʎø̞s ˈ(ɣ)ilio̞s also /ˈ(ɣ)ilos/
9   Greek: Cappadocian élios έλιος ˈeʎos ˈelios also /ˈolios/
75   Latgalian saule ˈsaulʲæ saulʲe
128   Neapolitan sole ˈsolə ˈsolə
135   Anglo-Norman solail
142   Old Spanish sol sol
125   Romanian soare ˈso̯aɾe ˈso̯are
35   Palula súuri سُوریۡ ˈsuːɾi súuri
23   Sinhalese ira ඉර
157   Breton: Treger heol ˈhe̞ol, ˈhe̞wəl ˈheol, ˈhewəl
156   Breton: Gwened hiâol hjawl
151   Welsh: North haul haːɨl haːɨl
139   Franco-Provençal feulâô fø̞ˈlɑŏ̟ føˈlɑ͡o
87   Old Polish słońce, słuńce ˈsɫɔ/uɲtsɛ ˈslo/uɲtse
150   Middle Welsh heul haɨl
92   Old Czech slunce ˈsɫuntsɛ ˈsluntse
100   Rusyn sónce ˈsŭɔnts(ɛ/ɜ) ˈsontse
81   Macedonian: Suho slъ̀nci ˈsləntsʲi ˈsləntse
82   Macedonian: Visoka slъ̀nci ˈsləntsʲi ˈsləntse
86   Slovene: Kostel sonce ˈso̝ːntsɛ ˈso̝ːntsɛ
84   Slovene: Early Modern ſonze
123   German: Bernese Sunne sʊnnə sʊnnə
138   Old Occitan souleou also: soleil, soleilh, solelh
126   Megleno-Romanian so̯ári
140   Old Catalan sol sɔɫ sɔɫ Probably with open o, though the old diocese of Gerona keeps a close one
48   Sogdian xwer xwr xʷer cf. S xwyr
47   Khwarazmian ǝxr ʾxr əχr AF ʾxyr
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote sau̯l sawl
152   Middle Cornish houl howl
153   Late Cornish houl howl
37   Gawarbati suri سُوری sʊˈɾiˑ suri GM sū̌r'ī
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi xor χor
58   Kurdish S.: Elami xwar χwaɾ
60   Hawrami war wær
50   Pashto nwar نور nwar nwar
36   Gawri sīr سِیر sḭːɾ̥ siːr H(L)
119   Old High German sunna ˈsunna ˈsunna
52   Sarikoli qher χeɾ
113   Old Frisian sunne ˈsunne ˈsunne
120   Middle High German sunne ˈsunnə ˈsunnə
111   Old English sunne ˈsunne ˈsunne
118   Old Saxon sunna ˈsunna ˈsunna
115   Middle Dutch sonne ˈzonnə ˈzonnə
102   Old Icelandic sól soːl soːl
101   Gothic sunno 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 ˈsunnoː ˈsunnoː
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk sol suːl suːl
145   Portuguese: Brazilian sol
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki üsük ysyk ysyk
39   Pashai: North-West sər سر səɾ sər
40   Kamviri s′u sˈu sˈu
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern s′u su sˈu sˈu
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi s′u sˈu sˈu
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm sö sˈø sˈø
44   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ s′o sˈʊ sˈʊ
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh xwar xwɑr
132   Milanese sü sy
References
  • Abaev, Vasilij Ivanovič: IV:246-248
    S.v. Oss. xūr ; xor 'солнце', from Proto-Iranian *hu̯ar- (Pers, xur, Kurd. xūr, xor, xwar, Yaghn. xur, Sogd. *xōr, *xwer [Budd. γwr, Man. xwr, Chr. xer], Chores. xwyr, xyr, 'xr, Av. hvar), from PIE *su̯el- (cf. Lith., Latv. sáulė, Goth. sauil, Lat. sōl, OCS слъньцє, etc.).
  • Beekes, R. S. P.: 5-8
    Cf. for an influential discussion of the unique stem-formation and ablaut of this nominal stem.
  • Beekes, Robert: 516
    S.v. ἥλιος 'sun' from PIE *seh₂u-el- 'sun'. Note dialectal varieties Ion. ἠέλιος, West Greek ἀέλιος (Cretan ἀϝέλιος) more closely preserve the structure of earlier *seh₂u̯-el- (with e-grade ablaut generalised in both stem and suffix).
  • Derksen, Rick: 390
    S.v. Lith. sáulė 'sun' (Latv. saũle 'sun', OPr. saule 'sun'), from PIE *seh₂u-l, *seh₂u-en- (cf. OCS slъnьce 'sun', Skt. svàr- 'sun, sunlight', Skt. sū́rya- 'sun, deity of the sun', Av. huuarə̄ 'sun' (gen.sg. xᵛə̄ṇg), Gk. (Hom.) ἠέλιος 'sun', Lat. sōl 'sun', Goth. sauil 'sun', OE sunne 'sun'). Proto-Balto-Slavic *saʔul ~ *sʔul appears to still exhibit ablaut in the root, which was subsequently generalised in Baltic (full-grade) and Slavic (zero-grade).
  • Derksen, Rick: 479-480
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *sъlnьce 'sun', from PIE *s(e)h₂-ul- (cf. Lith. sáulė, Skt. svàr- 'sun, sunlight', Skt. sū́rya- 'sun, deity of the sun', Av. huuarə̄ 'sun' (gen.sg. xᵛə̄ṇg), Gk. (Hom.) ἠέλιος 'sun', Lat. sōl 'sun', Goth. sauil 'sun', OE sunne 'sun').
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 892
    S.v. OLith. sáulė (1), saulė̃ (3) 'Sonne' (BSl. Latv. saũle 'Sonne; Welt', OPr. saule 'Sonne', OCS slъnьce 'Sonne', etc.), from PIE *séh₂u̯el/n- 'Sonne' (cf. Ved. svàr, sū́raḥ, sū́r(i)ya- 'Sonne', OAv. huuarə̄, G.sg. xᵛə̄ṇg 'id.', YAv. huuarə, G.sg. hū, hūrō 'id.', Gk. ἥλιος 'Sonne', ἠέλιος (Hom.), ἀέλιος (Dor., Aeol., Arc.), 'id.', Lat. sōl, -lis 'Sonne', OIr. súil 'Auge', OW houl 'Sonne', MW heul 'id.', Goth. sauil 'Sonne', ON sōl 'id.', OE sunna 'id.', OHG sunno 'id.').
  • Kroonen, Guus: 463-464
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *sōel- ~ *sunnōn- 'sun', from PIE *séh₂u-l/n- (Skt. svàr-, gen. sū́ras 'sun', OAv. huuarə̄ 'sun', gen. xᵛə̄ṇg 'id.', NP xwr 'id.', Oss. xur / xor 'id.', Gk. ἥλιος (Dor. ἀέλιος) 'id.', Lat. sōl, sōlis, 'id.', OIr. súil 'eye', Lith. sáulė 'sun', OCS slъnьce). The original heteroclite -l/n- inflection survived in Germanic and is possibly still intact in Gothic (cf. Goth. nom. sauil, dat. sunnin).
  • Matasović, Ranko: 324
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *sāwol- / *sūli- 'sun', from PIE *seh₂u̯ōl 'sun' (cf. Skt. sū́rya- 'sun', Gk. ἥλιος, Lat. sōl, Goth. sauil, Lith. sáulė). The change of meaning in OIr. súil 'eye' is understandable from the mythological context where the sun is viewed as 'the eye of the sky'.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:742
    S.v. Ved. sū́rya- 'Sonne, Sonnengott', from a PIE stem *suh₂l-ii̯o- (or *-iHo-) from an original heteroclite *-l/n- stem *suh₂el/n- : *sh₂uu̯el/n-. A related formation *seh₂u̯el-ii̯o- is found in Proto-Greek *hāu̯elii̯o- (cf. Cret. ἀβέλιος, Dor./Aeol./Arc. ἀέλιος, Hom. ἠέλιος, Att. ἥλιος), cf. also Goth. sauil, Lith. sáulė, Lett. saũle 'Sonne').
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 782
    S.v. 13574 sū́ra m. 'sun' RV. 2. sū́rya- m. 3. sū́riya- m. (metr.) RV. 4. sūrī- f. 'a name of Kuntī as wife of the sun' Pāṇ.vārtt. 5. saurī́-.
  • Wodtko, Dagmar S. and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin: 606-611
    S.v. *séh₂u̯el-, sh₂(u)u̯en- (?), *sh₂un-, *sh₂ul- n. 'Sonne' (IEW 881f.).
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 570
    S.v. Lat. sōl, sōlis 'sun', from PIE *seh₂u-l (nom., acc.), *sh₂u-én- (obl.) (cf. W. haul 'sun', OIr. súil 'eye', Skt. svàr 'sun' OAv. huuarə̄ 'sun' (gen.sg. xᵛə̄ṇg), Skt. sū́rya- 'sun, deity of the sun', Gk. ἠέλιος (Hom.), ἀέλιος (Dor., Aeol., Arc.) < PGk. *σᾱϝέλιος < *seh₂-uel-io-, Lith. sáulė, Latv. saũle, OCS slъnьce, Goth. sauil, OIc. sōl).