IE-CoR - Cognate Set 39

Cognate Set 39 – Meaning: five

IE-CoR reference form:: *pénkʷe
IE-CoR reference language:: Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:: no
Parallel derivation:: no

Justification:: Tocharian, Hellenic, Armenian, Albanian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes continuing PIE *pénkʷe 'five', generally considered to be the Indo-European inherited numeral for 'five' (not attested in phonetic spellings in Anatolian languages). See Eichner 1982:383-569 for extensive discussion, cf. also Adams 2013:415-416, Beekes 2010:1172-1173, Martirosyan 2010:409, Demiraj 1997:315-316, Orel 1998:316, EWAia II:65-66, ALEW 756-767, Derksen 2015:351, Derksen 2008:400, Kroonen 2013:140, de Vaan 2008:509, Matasović 2009:176-177.
Found in clades:: Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranic, Italic, Tocharian
Revised by:: Matthew Scarborough

Found in 9 clades by 154 lexemes.

	Language	Lexeme	Native script	Phonetic	Phonemic	Notes
16	Albanian: Gheg	pesë
15	Armenian: Western	hing	հինգ	hiŋkʰ	hiŋkʰ
14	Armenian: Eastern	hing	հինգ	hiŋɡ	hinɡ
23	Bengali	pām̐c	পাঁচ	pãtʃ
77	Bulgarian	pet	пет	pɛt	pet
96	Belarusian	pâc′	пяць	pʲatsʲ	pʲatsʲ
140	Catalan	cinc		siŋk	siŋk
91	Czech	pět		pjɛt	pjet
108	Danish	fem		ˈfɛmˀ
114	Dutch	vijf		vɛif
110	English	five			faɪv	Old English fīf
102	Faroese	fimm		fɪmː
115	Flemish	vyf
135	French	cinq		sɛ̃k	sɛ̃k
112	Frisian	fiif		fiːf
120	German	fünf		ˈfʏɱf	ˈfʏnf
8	Greek: Modern Std	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞nde̞	ˈpe̞nte̞
27	Hindi	pāñca	पांच	pɑ̃tʃ	pɑ̃tʃ
101	Icelandic	fimm		fɪmː
160	Gaelic: Irish	cúig		ˈkʷʰuːɟ̊	ˈkˠuːɡʲ
127	Italian	cinque		ˈtʃiŋkwe	ˈtʃinkwe
32	Kashmiri	paantsh	پانژھ	pɑ̃ːtsʰ	pɑːntsʰ
129	Ladin	cinch			ˈtʃiŋk
74	Lithuanian	penkì		pʲɛŋʲˈkʲɪ	pʲɛŋʲˈkʲɪ
93	Sorbian: Lower	pěś		pʲɪɕ	pɪɕ
92	Sorbian: Upper	pjeć		pĕɛtʃ	pjɛtʃ
78	Macedonian	pet	пет	pe̞t	pet
31	Marathi	pāca	पाच	pats
29	Nepali	pāñca	पांच	pãtʃ
67	Persian: Tehran	panǧ	پنج	pʰændʒ	pænd͜ʒ
86	Polish	pięć		pʲjeɲtɕ	pjeɲtɕ
143	Portuguese	cinco		ˈsĩku	ˈsĩku
103	Norwegian: Bokmål	fem		fɛmː	fɛmː
95	Russian	pât'	пять	pʲatsʲ	pʲatʲ
132	Sardinian: Logudoro	kimbe		ˈkimbɛ	ˈkimbɛ
131	Sardinian: Nuoro	cinku		ˈtʃiŋku	ˈtʃiŋku
81	Serbo-Croat	pet		pê̞ːt	pêːt
21	Sinhalese	paha	පහ	paha
89	Slovak	päť		p(æ/ɛ)c	pæc
83	Slovene	pet		péːt	péːt
142	Spanish	cinco		ˈθiŋko	ˈθinko
107	Swedish	fem		fɛmː
97	Ukrainian	pât′	п’ять	pʲjɑ̈tʲ	pjatʲ
49	Wakhi	panʒ			pandz
136	Walloon	cinq'		sẽk	sẽk
3	Tocharian A	päñ		pɨɲ	pɲ
4	Tocharian B	piś		piɕ	pəjɕə	Loss of nasal between pre-TB *i and sibilant regular here and in mīsa; see MEAT.
6	Greek: Ancient	pénte	πέντε	pé̞nte̞	pé̞nte̞	Indeclinable numeral.
119	Luxembourgish	fënnef		ˈfənəf	ˈfənəf
24	Maithili	paṅc	पांच	pɑ̃tʃ
28	Urdu	pānc	پانچ	pɑ̃tʃ
19	Vedic: Early	páñca	पञ्च	ˈpɐɲtɕɐ	pántɕa
76	Old Church Slavonic	pętĭ	пѧть	pɛ̃tɪ̆	pẽtɪ
72	Latvian	pieci		ˈpiɛtsi	piɛtsi
122	Latin	quīnque		ˈkʷiːŋkʷe	ˈkʷiːnkʷe	Indeclinable.
158	Gaelic: Scottish	còig			koːɡʲ
128	Friulian	cinc		ˈtʃiŋk	ˈtʃink
44	Avestan: Younger	paṇca	𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀		pant͜ʃa
157	Old Irish	cóic		ˈkˠʰoːɡʲ	ˈkoːɡʲ
63	Ossetic: Iron	fonʒ	фондз	fonz	fonz
64	Ossetic: Digor	fonʒ	фондз	fondz	fonʒ
13	Armenian: Classical	hing	հինգ	hiŋɡ	hinɡ(ɛ-)	hing
145	Oscan	púmpe*				Attested in O. púmperiais: Native script: pumperias (nom.pl., Cp 11), púmperia(s) (nom.pl., Cp 28), pumperi(as) (nom.pl., Cp 26), púmperiais (nom.pl. Cp 29, Cp 30, Cp 32), púmpe(riais) (dat. or abl. pl. Cp 27)
146	Umbrian	pumpe-*				Attested in native script: pumpeřias (nom.pl., IIb 2)
147	Gaulish	pempe				Attested in compounds and derivatives, e.g. pinpetos "fifth".
17	Albanian: Standard	pesë
105	Elfdalian	fem		fɛmː	fɛmː
106	Old Swedish	fäm		fæmː	fæmː
20	Pali	pañca		pɐɲtɕɐ	paɲtɕa
25	Magahi	pāṅc	पांच	pɑ̃c
154	Middle Breton	pemp		ˈpemp
47	Khotanese	paṃjsa		pɐndzɐ	pand͜za
7	Greek: New Testament	pénte	πέντε	ˈpende	ˈpente	> 30 attestations in the NT.
88	Polabian	pąt		pant	pant
87	Kashubian	piãc		pjɒts	pjaŋts
66	Middle Persian	panz	pnz	panz	panz	AF pnc; ZP pnc
54	Kurdish N.: Bahdini	pēnž			peːnʒ
53	Parthian	panž	pnj	pandʒ	pand͜ʒ	AF pnc
11	Greek: Cypriot	pénte	πέντε	ˈpɛndɛ	ˈpɛntɛ
12	Greek: Italiot	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞nde̞	ˈpe̞nte̞	Cal.; /ˈpe̞nte̞/ Ap.
51	Yaghnobi	panč		ˈpʰantɕ
10	Greek: Pontic	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞ndə	ˈpe̞nte̞
9	Greek: Cappadocian	pénte	πέντε	ˈpende	ˈpende
33	Palula	páanǰ	پانج	paːɲdʑ	páanʑ
26	Bhojpuri	pāñci	पांचि	pɑ̃tʃɪ
73	Latgalian	pīci		ˈpʲiːtʲsʲi	pʲiːtʲsʲi
123	Romanian	cinci		tʃintʃ	ˈtʃintʃ
126	Neapolitan	cinque		ˈtʃiŋkə	ˈtʃinkə
133	Old French	cinq
134	Anglo-Norman	cinc
141	Old Spanish	cinco			ˈtsinko
155	Breton: Gwened	pemp		pɛ̃ːp
156	Breton: Treger	pemp		ˈpe̞mp	ˈpemp
150	Welsh: North	pump		pɨmp	pɨmp
159	Gaelic: Manx	queig		kweɡ	kweɡ	cúig
138	Franco-Provençal	fin		ˈfẽ	ˈfẽ
85	Old Polish	pięć		pʲã̠tɕ	pʲãtɕ
149	Middle Welsh	pump			pʉmp
148	Old Welsh	pimp		pɨmp
71	Kumzari	panj		pɐnd͡ʒ	pɐndʒ
90	Old Czech	pět		ˈpʲec	ˈpjetj
94	Old Novgorod	pętĭ	пѧть	pʲætʲ	pʲætʲ
98	Rusyn	p′jat′		pʲja̠(tʲ/c)	pjatʲ
79	Macedonian: Suho	p′èt′		pʲe̞tʲ	petj
80	Macedonian: Visoka	p′èt′		pʲe̞tʲ	petj
84	Slovene: Kostel	pet		pe̞ːt	peːt
82	Slovene: Early Modern	pèt
68	Bakhtiari	payn		pãj	pajn
52	Bactrian	panzo	πανζο		pand͜z
121	German: Bernese	füüf		fyːf	fyːf
60	Tati	payn			pæjn
46	Sogdian	panč	pnc	pandʒ	pant͜ʃ
61	Mazanderani	panj			pænd͡ʒ
69	Delvari	pænd͡ʒ			pænd͡ʒ
70	Lari	panj			pand͡ʒ
55	Kurdish C.: Jafi	panj			pænd͡ʒ
62	Balochi: Sistani	panǰ			pænd͡ʒ
137	Old Occitan	cinq
124	Megleno-Romanian	țínț
45	Khwarazmian	panc	pnc		pant͜s
18	Albanian: Arbëresh	pesë			ˈpɛːsə
139	Old Catalan	cinc		siŋk	siŋk
36	Khowar	ponǰ	پونج	pɔ̃ˑɲtɕ	pɔndʑ
35	Gawarbati	pants	پنڅ	pɞ̃n̪ts	pants	GM pōnċ, pō̃ċ
48	Pashto	pinza	پنځه	ˈpin.zə	pinzə
58	Hawrami	panj			pænd͡ʒ
56	Kurdish S.: Elami	panj			pand͡ʒ
59	Raji: Barzoki	payn		pãj̃	pajn
34	Gawri	panǰ	پونج	pɔ̃ɲ̥	pɒndʑ H
125	Dalmatian: Vegliote	čeṅk			tʃenk
117	Old High German	fimf		fimf	fimf
50	Sarikoli	pindz			pind͡z
111	Old Frisian	fīf		fiːf	fiːf
118	Middle High German	fünf		fynf	fynf
109	Old English	fīf		fiːf	fiːf
116	Old Saxon	fîf		fiːf	fiːf
113	Middle Dutch	vijf		viːf	viːf
100	Old Icelandic	fimm		fimː	fimː
99	Gothic	fimf	𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆	fimf	fimf
30	Punjabi	paⁿj	ਪੰਜ
151	Middle Cornish	pymp			pimp, pemp
152	Late Cornish	pemp			pemp
104	Norwegian: Nynorsk	fem		fɛmː	fɛmː
144	Portuguese: Brazilian	cinco
43	Vâsi-vari: Paṣki	v′uč	wˈuč	βˈutʃ	βˈutʃ
37	Pashai: North-West	paanǰə	پانج	ˈpaːnd͡ʒə	paːnd͡ʒə
22	Assamese	pām̐s	পাঁচ	pãs
130	Milanese	cinch			tʃink
38	Kamviri	p′uč		pˈutʃ	pˈutʃ
39	Kâta-vari: Eastern	p′uč		pˈutʃ	pˈutʃ
40	Kâta-vari: Ktivi	p′uč		pˈutʃ	pˈutʃ
41	Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm	pũč		pˈũtʃ	pˈũtʃ
42	Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ	p′õć		pˈʊ̃ts	pˈʊ̃ts
57	Kurdish S.: Qorveh	panj			pænd͡ʒ

References: Adams, Douglas Q.: 415-416
S.v. TochB piś 'five', which with TochA päñ reflects Proto-Tocharian *pi̯ä́ñćä- with differing reflexes of the final cluster. PToch *pi̯ä́ñćä- is from PIE *pénkʷe (cf. Skt. páñca, Arm. hing, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, OE fīf, Lith. penkì, etc.).
Beekes, Robert: 1172-1173
S.v. AGk. πέντε 'five' (Aeol. πέμπε) < PIE *penkʷe 'five'.
Demiraj, Bardhyl: 315-316
S.v. Alb. pésë / pẽs(ë) 'fünf', to be connected with PIE *pénkʷe 'five'. Cf. entry in Demiraj for discussion of the Albanian stem formation.
Derksen, Rick: 351
S.v. Lith. penkì 'five' (Latv. pìeci), from PIE *penkʷe (cf. OCS pętь, Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf).
Derksen, Rick: 400
S.v. Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five', from PIE *penkʷe (cf. Lith. penkì, Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Go. fimf).
Eichner, Heiner: 383-569
From *pénkʷe, the first of the indeclinable numerals in PIE. Cf. discussion pp.383-569.
Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 756-757
S.v. OLith. penkì 'fünf' (BSl. Latv. pìeci, OCS pętь, etc.), from PIE *pénkʷe 'fünf'.
Kroonen, Guus: 140
S.v. Proto-Germanic *fimfe 'five', from PIE *pénkʷe (cf. Hitt. panza-, TochA päñ, TochB piś, Skt. páñca, YAv. paṇca, MPers. panǰ, Oss. fondz, Arm. hing, Alb. pesë / pẽsë, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, OIr. cóic, MW pymp, W pimp, Bret. pemp).
Martirosyan, Hrach: 409
S.v. Arm. hing 'five', from PIE *pénkʷe 'five' (cf. Skt. páñca, YAv. paṇca, MPers. panǰ, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, etc.).
Matasović, Ranko: 176-177
S.v. Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe 'five', from PIE *penkʷe 'five' (cf. Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Lith. penkì, OCS pętь, Alb. pesë).
Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:65-66
S.v. páñca 'fünf' (IIr. cf. YAv. paṇča 'fünf'), from PIE *pénkʷe (cf. Gk. πέντε, Arm. hing, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, TochA päñ, TochB piś, etc.).
Orel, Vladimir: 316
S.v. Alb. pesë ~ pêsë 'five', from PAlb. *pentše going back to PIE *pénkʷe 'five' (cf. Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, etc.).
de Vaan, Michiel: 509
S.v. Lat. quīnque 'five', from Proto-Italic *kʷenkʷe (cf. O. <b>pumperIas, púmperias</b> U. <b>pumpeřias</b> prob. 'fifth day', etc.), from PIE *penkʷe 'five' (cf. OIr. cóic, MW pymp, Skt. páñca, YAv. paṇca, Gk. πέντε, Arm. hing, Alb. pesë, OCS pętь, Lith. penkì, Goth. fimf, TochA päñ, TochB piś 'five').