IE-CoR - Cognate Set 39

Cognate Set 39 – Meaning: five

IE-CoR reference form:: *pénkʷe
IE-CoR reference language:: Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:: no
Parallel derivation:: no

Justification:: Tocharian, Hellenic, Armenian, Albanian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes continuing PIE *pénkʷe 'five', generally considered to be the Indo-European inherited numeral for 'five' (not attested in phonetic spellings in Anatolian languages). See Eichner 1982:383-569 for extensive discussion, cf. also Adams 2013:415-416, Beekes 2010:1172-1173, Martirosyan 2010:409, Demiraj 1997:315-316, Orel 1998:316, EWAia II:65-66, ALEW 756-767, Derksen 2015:351, Derksen 2008:400, Kroonen 2013:140, de Vaan 2008:509, Matasović 2009:176-177.
Found in clades:: Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:: Matthew Scarborough

Found in 12 clades by 155 lexemes.

	Language	Lexeme	Native script	Phonetic	Phonemic	Notes
18	Albanian: Gheg	pesë
17	Armenian: Western	hing	հինգ	hiŋkʰ	hiŋkʰ
16	Armenian: Eastern	hing	հինգ	hiŋɡ	hinɡ
25	Bengali	pām̐c	পাঁচ	pãtʃ
79	Bulgarian	pet	пет	pɛt	pet
98	Belarusian	pâc′	пяць	pʲatsʲ	pʲatsʲ
141	Catalan	cinc		siŋk	siŋk
93	Czech	pět		pjɛt	pjet
110	Danish	fem		ˈfɛmˀ
116	Dutch	vijf		vɛif
112	English	five			faɪv	Old English fīf
104	Faroese	fimm		fɪmː
117	Flemish	vyf
136	French	cinq		sɛ̃k	sɛ̃k
114	Frisian	fiif		fiːf
122	German	fünf		ˈfʏɱf	ˈfʏnf
8	Greek: Modern Std	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞nde̞	ˈpe̞nte̞
29	Hindi	pāñca	पांच	pɑ̃tʃ	pɑ̃tʃ
103	Icelandic	fimm		fɪmː
161	Gaelic: Irish	cúig		ˈkʷʰuːɟ̊	ˈkˠuːɡʲ
129	Italian	cinque		ˈtʃiŋkwe	ˈtʃinkwe
34	Kashmiri	paantsh	پانژھ	pɑ̃ːtsʰ	pɑːntsʰ
131	Ladin	cinch			ˈtʃiŋk
76	Lithuanian	penkì		pʲɛŋʲˈkʲɪ	pʲɛŋʲˈkʲɪ
95	Sorbian: Lower	pěś		pʲɪɕ	pɪɕ
94	Sorbian: Upper	pjeć		pĕɛtʃ	pjɛtʃ
80	Macedonian	pet	пет	pe̞t	pet
33	Marathi	pāca	पाच	pats
31	Nepali	pāñca	पांच	pãtʃ
67	Persian: Tehran	panǧ	پنج	pʰændʒ	pænd͜ʒ
88	Polish	pięć		pʲjeɲtɕ	pjeɲtɕ
144	Portuguese	cinco		ˈsĩku	ˈsĩku
105	Norwegian: Bokmål	fem		fɛmː	fɛmː
97	Russian	pât'	пять	pʲatsʲ	pʲatʲ
134	Sardinian: Logudoro	kimbe		ˈkimbɛ	ˈkimbɛ
133	Sardinian: Nuoro	cinku		ˈtʃiŋku	ˈtʃiŋku
83	Serbo-Croat	pet		pê̞ːt	pêːt
23	Sinhalese	paha	පහ	paha
91	Slovak	päť		p(æ/ɛ)c	pæc
85	Slovene	pet		péːt	péːt
143	Spanish	cinco		ˈθiŋko	ˈθinko
109	Swedish	fem		fɛmː
99	Ukrainian	pât′	п’ять	pʲjɑ̈tʲ	pjatʲ
51	Wakhi	panʒ			pandz
137	Walloon	cinq'		sẽk	sẽk
3	Tocharian A	päñ		pɨɲ	pɲ
4	Tocharian B	piś		piɕ	pəjɕə	Loss of nasal between pre-TB *i and sibilant regular here and in mīsa; see MEAT.
6	Greek: Ancient	pénte	πέντε	pé̞nte̞	pé̞nte̞	Indeclinable numeral.
121	Luxembourgish	fënnef		ˈfənəf	ˈfənəf
26	Maithili	paṅc	पांच	pɑ̃tʃ
30	Urdu	pānc	پانچ	pɑ̃tʃ
21	Vedic: Early	páñca	पञ्च	ˈpɐɲtɕɐ	pántɕa
78	Old Church Slavonic	pętĭ	пѧть	pɛ̃tɪ̆	pẽtɪ
74	Latvian	pieci		ˈpiɛtsi	piɛtsi
124	Latin	quīnque		ˈkʷiːŋkʷe	ˈkʷiːnkʷe	Indeclinable.
159	Gaelic: Scottish	còig			koːɡʲ
130	Friulian	cinc		ˈtʃiŋk	ˈtʃink
46	Avestan: Younger	paṇca	𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀		pant͜ʃa
158	Old Irish	cóic		ˈkˠʰoːɡʲ	ˈkoːɡʲ
72	Ossetic: Iron	fonʒ	фондз	fonz	fonz
73	Ossetic: Digor	fonʒ	фондз	fondz	fonʒ
15	Armenian: Classical	hing	հինգ	hiŋɡ	hinɡ(ɛ-)	hing
146	Oscan	púmpe*				Attested in O. púmperiais: Native script: pumperias (nom.pl., Cp 11), púmperia(s) (nom.pl., Cp 28), pumperi(as) (nom.pl., Cp 26), púmperiais (nom.pl. Cp 29, Cp 30, Cp 32), púmpe(riais) (dat. or abl. pl. Cp 27)
147	Umbrian	pumpe-*				Attested in native script: pumpeřias (nom.pl., IIb 2)
148	Gaulish	pempe				Attested in compounds and derivatives, e.g. pinpetos "fifth".
19	Albanian: Standard	pesë
107	Elfdalian	fem		fɛmː	fɛmː
108	Old Swedish	fäm		fæmː	fæmː
22	Pali	pañca		pɐɲtɕɐ	paɲtɕa
27	Magahi	pāṅc	पांच	pɑ̃c
155	Middle Breton	pemp		ˈpemp
49	Khotanese	paṃjsa		pɐndzɐ	pand͜za
7	Greek: New Testament	pénte	πέντε	ˈpende	ˈpente	> 30 attestations in the NT.
90	Polabian	pąt		pant	pant
89	Kashubian	piãc		pjɒts	pjaŋts
66	Middle Persian	panz	pnz	panz	panz	AF pnc; ZP pnc
56	Kurdish N.: Bahdini	pēnž			peːnʒ
55	Parthian	panž	pnj	pandʒ	pand͜ʒ	AF pnc
13	Tsakonian: Peloponnese	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞nde̞	ˈpe̞nte̞
11	Greek: Cypriot	pénte	πέντε	ˈpɛndɛ	ˈpɛntɛ
14	Tsakonian: Propontis	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞nde̞	ˈpe̞nte̞
12	Greek: Italiot	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞nde̞	ˈpe̞nte̞	Cal.; /ˈpe̞nte̞/ Ap.
53	Yaghnobi	panč		ˈpʰantɕ
10	Greek: Pontic	pénte	πέντε	ˈpe̞ndə	ˈpe̞nte̞
9	Greek: Cappadocian	pénte	πέντε	ˈpende	ˈpende
35	Palula	páanǰ	پانج	paːɲdʑ	páanʑ
28	Bhojpuri	pāñci	पांचि	pɑ̃tʃɪ
75	Latgalian	pīci		ˈpʲiːtʲsʲi	pʲiːtʲsʲi
125	Romanian	cinci		tʃintʃ	ˈtʃintʃ
128	Neapolitan	cinque		ˈtʃiŋkə	ˈtʃinkə
135	Anglo-Norman	cinc
142	Old Spanish	cinco			ˈtsinko
156	Breton: Gwened	pemp		pɛ̃ːp
157	Breton: Treger	pemp		ˈpe̞mp	ˈpemp
151	Welsh: North	pump		pɨmp	pɨmp
160	Gaelic: Manx	queig		kweɡ	kweɡ	cúig
139	Franco-Provençal	fin		ˈfẽ	ˈfẽ
87	Old Polish	pięć		pʲã̠tɕ	pʲãtɕ
150	Middle Welsh	pump			pʉmp
149	Old Welsh	pimp		pɨmp
71	Kumzari	panj		pɐnd͡ʒ	pɐndʒ
92	Old Czech	pět		ˈpʲec	ˈpjetj
96	Old Novgorod	pętĭ	пѧть	pʲætʲ	pʲætʲ
100	Rusyn	p′jat′		pʲja̠(tʲ/c)	pjatʲ
81	Macedonian: Suho	p′èt′		pʲe̞tʲ	petj
82	Macedonian: Visoka	p′èt′		pʲe̞tʲ	petj
86	Slovene: Kostel	pet		pe̞ːt	peːt
84	Slovene: Early Modern	pèt
68	Bakhtiari	payn		pãj	pajn
54	Bactrian	panzo	πανζο		pand͜z
123	German: Bernese	füüf		fyːf	fyːf
62	Tati	payn			pæjn
48	Sogdian	panč	pnc	pandʒ	pant͜ʃ
63	Mazanderani	panj			pænd͡ʒ
69	Delvari	pænd͡ʒ			pænd͡ʒ
70	Lari	panj			pand͡ʒ
57	Kurdish C.: Jafi	panj			pænd͡ʒ
64	Balochi: Sistani	panǰ			pænd͡ʒ
138	Old Occitan	cinq
126	Megleno-Romanian	țínț
47	Khwarazmian	panc	pnc		pant͜s
20	Albanian: Arbëresh	pesë			ˈpɛːsə
140	Old Catalan	cinc		siŋk	siŋk
38	Khowar	ponǰ	پونج	pɔ̃ˑɲtɕ	pɔndʑ
37	Gawarbati	pants	پنڅ	pɞ̃n̪ts	pants	GM pōnċ, pō̃ċ
50	Pashto	pinza	پنځه	ˈpin.zə	pinzə
60	Hawrami	panj			pænd͡ʒ
58	Kurdish S.: Elami	panj			pand͡ʒ
61	Raji: Barzoki	payn		pãj̃	pajn
36	Gawri	panǰ	پونج	pɔ̃ɲ̥	pɒndʑ H
127	Dalmatian: Vegliote	čeṅk			tʃenk
119	Old High German	fimf		fimf	fimf
52	Sarikoli	pindz			pind͡z
113	Old Frisian	fīf		fiːf	fiːf
120	Middle High German	fünf		fynf	fynf
111	Old English	fīf		fiːf	fiːf
118	Old Saxon	fîf		fiːf	fiːf
115	Middle Dutch	vijf		viːf	viːf
102	Old Icelandic	fimm		fimː	fimː
101	Gothic	fimf	𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆	fimf	fimf
32	Punjabi	paⁿj	ਪੰਜ
152	Middle Cornish	pymp			pimp, pemp
153	Late Cornish	pemp			pemp
106	Norwegian: Nynorsk	fem		fɛmː	fɛmː
145	Portuguese: Brazilian	cinco
45	Vâsi-vari: Paṣki	v′uč	wˈuč	βˈutʃ	βˈutʃ
39	Pashai: North-West	paanǰə	پانج	ˈpaːnd͡ʒə	paːnd͡ʒə
24	Assamese	pām̐s	পাঁচ	pãs
132	Milanese	cinch			tʃink
40	Kamviri	p′uč		pˈutʃ	pˈutʃ
41	Kâta-vari: Eastern	p′uč		pˈutʃ	pˈutʃ
42	Kâta-vari: Ktivi	p′uč		pˈutʃ	pˈutʃ
43	Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm	pũč		pˈũtʃ	pˈũtʃ
44	Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ	p′õć		pˈʊ̃ts	pˈʊ̃ts
59	Kurdish S.: Qorveh	panj			pænd͡ʒ

References: Adams, Douglas Q.: 415-416
S.v. TochB piś 'five', which with TochA päñ reflects Proto-Tocharian *pi̯ä́ñćä- with differing reflexes of the final cluster. PToch *pi̯ä́ñćä- is from PIE *pénkʷe (cf. Skt. páñca, Arm. hing, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, OE fīf, Lith. penkì, etc.).
Beekes, Robert: 1172-1173
S.v. AGk. πέντε 'five' (Aeol. πέμπε) < PIE *penkʷe 'five'.
Demiraj, Bardhyl: 315-316
S.v. Alb. pésë / pẽs(ë) 'fünf', to be connected with PIE *pénkʷe 'five'. Cf. entry in Demiraj for discussion of the Albanian stem formation.
Derksen, Rick: 351
S.v. Lith. penkì 'five' (Latv. pìeci), from PIE *penkʷe (cf. OCS pętь, Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf).
Derksen, Rick: 400
S.v. Proto-Slavic *pętь 'five', from PIE *penkʷe (cf. Lith. penkì, Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Go. fimf).
Eichner, Heiner: 383-569
From *pénkʷe, the first of the indeclinable numerals in PIE. Cf. discussion pp.383-569.
Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 756-757
S.v. OLith. penkì 'fünf' (BSl. Latv. pìeci, OCS pętь, etc.), from PIE *pénkʷe 'fünf'.
Kroonen, Guus: 140
S.v. Proto-Germanic *fimfe 'five', from PIE *pénkʷe (cf. Hitt. panza-, TochA päñ, TochB piś, Skt. páñca, YAv. paṇca, MPers. panǰ, Oss. fondz, Arm. hing, Alb. pesë / pẽsë, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, OIr. cóic, MW pymp, W pimp, Bret. pemp).
Martirosyan, Hrach: 409
S.v. Arm. hing 'five', from PIE *pénkʷe 'five' (cf. Skt. páñca, YAv. paṇca, MPers. panǰ, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, etc.).
Matasović, Ranko: 176-177
S.v. Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe 'five', from PIE *penkʷe 'five' (cf. Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Lith. penkì, OCS pętь, Alb. pesë).
Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:65-66
S.v. páñca 'fünf' (IIr. cf. YAv. paṇča 'fünf'), from PIE *pénkʷe (cf. Gk. πέντε, Arm. hing, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, TochA päñ, TochB piś, etc.).
Orel, Vladimir: 316
S.v. Alb. pesë ~ pêsë 'five', from PAlb. *pentše going back to PIE *pénkʷe 'five' (cf. Skt. páñca, Gk. πέντε, Lat. quīnque, etc.).
de Vaan, Michiel: 509
S.v. Lat. quīnque 'five', from Proto-Italic *kʷenkʷe (cf. O. <b>pumperIas, púmperias</b> U. <b>pumpeřias</b> prob. 'fifth day', etc.), from PIE *penkʷe 'five' (cf. OIr. cóic, MW pymp, Skt. páñca, YAv. paṇca, Gk. πέντε, Arm. hing, Alb. pesë, OCS pętь, Lith. penkì, Goth. fimf, TochA päñ, TochB piś 'five').