Cognate Set 91 – Meaning: one

IE-CoR reference form:
*Hoi̯-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
The lexemes in this set continue a basic root *Hoi̯- 'single, alone' with different adjectival suffixes (LIPP 2:587-591): (1) *Hoi̯-ko- (Indic, cf. EWAia I:262-263, Turner 1962–1966:119 no. 2462); (2) *Hoi̯-u̯o- (Iranic, cf. ESIJa I:134-136, EWAia I:262-263); (3) *Hoi̯-no- (Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, Celtic, cf. ALEW 1233-1236, Derksen 2015:501, ESSJa 6:11-13, Derksen 2008:138-139 212-213, Kroonen 2013:11, de Vaan 2008:642, Matasović 2009:304-305),
Found in clades:
Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic
Revised by:
Cassandra Freiberg, Matthew Scarborough
Found in 8 clades by 136 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
25   Bengali ek এক æk
79   Bulgarian edin един ɘˈdʲin eˈdin
98   Belarusian adzìn адзін ɑ̈ˈdzʲin aˈdzʲin
141   Catalan un un un
93   Czech jeden ˈjɛdɛn ˈjeden
110   Danish en ˈeˀn
116   Dutch een en
112   English one wʌn
104   Faroese ein aiːn
117   Flemish een
136   French un œ̃ œ̃
122   German ein ˈʔaɪn ˈaɪn
29   Hindi eka एक ek ek
103   Icelandic einn eid̥n
161   Gaelic: Irish aon ˈeːnˠ ˈeːnˠ
129   Italian uno ˈuːno ˈuno
34   Kashmiri akh اکھ ɑkʰ ɑkʰ
131   Ladin un ˈuŋ
76   Lithuanian víenas ˈʋʲɪˑɛnɐs ˈʋʲɪˑɛnas
95   Sorbian: Lower jaden ˈjɑ̈dɛn, jɑ̈dn̩, jɑ̈n ˈjaden
94   Sorbian: Upper jedyn ˈjɛdɘ̟n, jɛn ˈjɛdɘ̟n
80   Macedonian eden еден ˈe̞dɛn ˈeden
33   Marathi eka एक ek
31   Nepali eka एक ek
67   Persian: Tehran yek یک jek i̯ek
88   Polish jeden ˈjɛdɛn ˈjeden
144   Portuguese um ũ ũ
105   Norwegian: Bokmål en ɛnː ɛnː
97   Russian odin один ɐˈdzʲin aˈdʲin
134   Sardinian: Logudoro unu ˈuː.nu ˈuː.nu
133   Sardinian: Nuoro unu ˈuːnu ˈuːnu
83   Serbo-Croat jedan ˈjɛ̌dɑ̈n ˈjědan
23   Sinhalese eka එක ekə
91   Slovak jeden ˈjɛɟɛn ˈjeɟen
85   Slovene en ɛn ɛn
143   Spanish uno ˈuno ˈuno
109   Swedish en ɛnː
99   Ukrainian odin один ɔˈdɪn oˈdɪn
51   Wakhi yiw jiw AF yi, iw, i
137   Walloon on õ õ ON (BEFORE CONSONANT), IN (BEFORE VOWEL)
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini ēk eːk
26   Maithili ek एक ek
30   Urdu ek ایک ek
21   Vedic: Early éka- एक- ˈɐjkɐ- áika-
78   Old Church Slavonic jedinŭ ѥдинъ jɛdinʊ̆ jedinʊ
77   Old Prussian ains
74   Latvian viens viɛns viɛns
121   Luxembourgish een eːnt eːnt
124   Latin ūnus ˈuːnus ˈuːnus gen. ūnius
130   Friulian un ˈuŋ ˈun
158   Old Irish óen ˈoi̯nˠ ˈoi̯n
72   Ossetic: Iron iw иу iw / ju iw / ju
73   Ossetic: Digor ew еу jew jew
46   Avestan: Younger aēuua 𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 ai̯u̯a Neutre ōim (!)
65   Old Persian aiva 𐎠𐎡𐎺 ai̯u̯a
160   Gaelic: Manx un un un aon
154   Old Breton unan, un
114   Frisian ien i.ən
149   Old Welsh un ʉn
28   Bhojpuri ego एगो eɡo
148   Gaulish oino- Reconstructed form based on attestations in male names.
107   Elfdalian ien ɪɛnː ɪɛnː Better spelling: ienn
108   Old Swedish en enː enː
22   Pali eka eːkɐ eka
155   Middle Breton un, vn, unan, vnan yn, ˈynan Un is used adjectivally, unan substantivally.
90   Polabian jadån jaˈdɒn jaˈdɒn
89   Kashubian jeden ˈjɛdɛn ˈjeden
66   Middle Persian ēw ʿyw eːw eːw
55   Parthian ēw ʿyw eːw eːw
53   Yaghnobi ī ˈiː
75   Latgalian vīns vʲiːnts vʲiːns
125   Romanian unu ˈunu ˈunu
128   Neapolitan uno ˈunə ˈunə
135   Anglo-Norman un
139   Franco-Provençal on õ õ
142   Old Spanish uno ˈuno
27   Magahi ek एक ek
35   Palula áak آک aːk áak
159   Gaelic: Scottish aon ɯ̃ːn
157   Breton: Treger ûn, unan ˈỹːn, ˈỹːnan ˈỹːn, ˈỹnan
156   Breton: Gwened inon inɔ̃ːn
151   Welsh: North un ɨːn ɨːn
87   Old Polish jeden, jaden ˈjɛdɛn, ˈja̠dɛn ˈjeden, jaden
150   Middle Welsh un ʉn
92   Old Czech jeden ˈjedɛn ˈjeden
96   Old Novgorod odinŭ одинъ ɔˈdʲin ɔˈdʲin
100   Rusyn odɪ́n ɔˈdɘ̟n oˈdɪn An alternative form is 'jedén' (loan from a West Slavic language).
81   Macedonian: Suho idìn iˈdʲin iˈdin
82   Macedonian: Visoka idìn iˈdʲin iˈdin
86   Slovene: Kostel en ɛːn ɛːn
84   Slovene: Early Modern eden, en
54   Bactrian iōgo ιωγο i̯oːɡ
123   German: Bernese eis ɛɪs ɛɪs
24   Assamese ek এক ek
32   Punjabi ikk ਇੱਕ
62   Tati i i
48   Sogdian ēw yw eːw eːu̯ in MS this is given as an article, the numeral is written ˁyw whereupon the transcription is based
63   Mazanderani yek jek
68   Bakhtiari yek jek jek
69   Delvari jek jek
70   Lari yak jak
64   Balochi: Sistani yak jæk
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi yak jæk
138   Old Occitan un if using as adjective, the masculine: un, feminine: una
126   Megleno-Romanian un
47   Khwarazmian ēw ʾyw eːu̯
140   Old Catalan un un un
37   Gawarbati yak یک jɞk jak GM yak
50   Pashto yao يو jau jau
60   Hawrami yak jæk
58   Kurdish S.: Elami yak jak
61   Raji: Barzoki i ʔi i There is a slight voiceless off-glide ([h]) after all utterance-final vowels.
36   Gawri äk اٞک ʔɜk ak H
38   Khowar i ای i i
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote joi̯n jojn
119   Old High German ein ei̯n ei̯n
52   Sarikoli iw iw
113   Old Frisian ēn ɛːn ɛːn
120   Middle High German ein ei̯n ei̯n
111   Old English ān ɑːn ɑːn
118   Old Saxon ên ɛːn ɛːn
115   Middle Dutch een eːn eːn
102   Old Icelandic einn ɛi̯nː ɛi̯nː
101   Gothic ains 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 ɛːns ɛːns
152   Middle Cornish onen ˈonən before nouns un [yn, iᵈn]
153   Late Cornish idn iᵈn
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk ein æin æin
145   Portuguese: Brazilian um
39   Pashai: North-West ii یی ʔiˑ iː
40   Kamviri ′ev ˈev ˈev
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern ′ev ew ˈɛ̠ʋ ˈɛ̠v
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi ′ev ˈɛ̠β̞ ˈɛ̠β̞
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm ev eβ eβ
44   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ ′âc̣ ˈaʈʂ ˈaʈʂ
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh yak jæk
132   Milanese vün vyn
References
  • Beekes, Robert S. P.: 237
    The Leiden school of Indo-European reconstruction frequently reconstructs the *-no- suffix as *-(H)no-, thus reconstructions like *Hoi-(H)no-, *Hi-Hno-.
  • Derksen, Rick: 138-139, 212-213
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *edinъ, *edьnъ 'one' from *h₁ed -(H)iH-no-. The origin of the initial element *ed- < *(h₁)edʰ- is unclear. On the origin of *(H)iH-no-, cf. *jьnъ 'other'.
  • Dunkel, George E.: 587-591
    S.v. *ói̯- 'einzig, einzeln' adjektivische Wurzel, exklusiv.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 1233-1236
    S.v. OLith. víenas 'eins, ein(e, r); einzig; jemand, irgendein(e, r)'. (BSl. Latv. viêns 'eins, ein(e, r); einzeln, allein, derselbe', OPr. ains, etc., from PIE *(H)oi̯nó- 'eins, ein(e, r)' (cf. Gk. οἰνός, οἰνή 'Eins auf dem Würfel', Lat. ūnus 'eins, einer; einziger', OIr. oín, óen 'eins, einer', Goth. ains, etc.).
  • Kroonen, Guus: 11
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *aina-, from PIE *Hoi̯-Hn-o-.
  • Matasović, Ranko: 304-305
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *oy-no- from PIE *h₃ei̯-no- (cf. Lat. ūnus, Goth. ains, Lith. víenas, etc.).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:262-263
    S.v. Ved. éka- 'ein, einzig, alleinig'. Earliest attested by Mitanni Indic *ai̯ka- (a-i-ka-u̯a-ar-ta-an-na 'one turn') from PIE *(H)oi̯-ko-. The Iranian forms are attested using a *-u̯o- morpheme to the root (OAv., YAv. aēuua-, OPers. aiva-, MPers. ēw-ak, etc.) < *(H)oi̯-u̯o- (cf. Gk. οἶ(ϝ)ος 'alone').
  • Rastorgueva, V. S. and Edelman, D. I.: I:134-136
    S.v. Proto-Iranic *aiu̯a- 'один' < IE *oiu̯e, *oi̯u̯os.
  • Trubačev, O. N.: 6: 11-13
    S.v. PS *edinŭ / *edĭnŭ.
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 119
    S.v. 2462 Ved. éka- 'one' RV.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 642
    S.v. Lat. ūnus 'one', from PIE *Hoi̯-no- 'one' (cf. Gk. οἰνή 'one (on the side of a die)).