Cognate Set 294 – Meaning: sit

IE-CoR reference form:
*sed-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
Tocharian, Hellenic, Armenian, Indo-Iranic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic, and Celtic lexemes derived from PIE *sed- 'to sit (down), seat onself' (LIV² 513-515, cf. Malzahn 2010:926-927, Beekes 2010:376, Martirosyan 2010:506, EWAia II:692-693, Turner 1962–1966:422 no. 7467, Cheung 2007:125-126, ALEW 895-896, Derksen 2015:391, Derksen 2008:445, Kroonen 2013:434, de Vaan 2008:551-552, Matasović 2009:325-326).
Found in clades:
Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 11 clades by 123 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
79   Bulgarian sedâ седя sɘˈdʲɤ seˈdjɤ
98   Belarusian sâdzec′ сядзець sʲaˈdzʲetsʲ sʲedzʲetsʲ
141   Catalan seure ˈsewɾə ˈsewɾə
93   Czech sedět ˈsɛɟɛt ˈseɟet
110   Danish sidde ˈseðə
116   Dutch zitten ˈzɪtə(n)
112   English sit sɪt Middle Engliah sitten, Old English sittan
104   Faroese sita ˈsiːtʰa
117   Flemish zitten
136   French être assis ɛtʁ̥ asi ɛtʁ asi
114   Frisian sitte ˈsɪtə
122   German sitzen ˈzɪt͜sn̩ ˈzɪt͜sən
103   Icelandic sitja ˈsɪːtja Also 'to ride'.
161   Gaelic: Irish bí ina shuí ˈbʲiː ɪnˠə ˈhiː ˈbʲiː Øʲə nˠə ˈhˠiː
129   Italian essere seduto ˈɛsseɾe seˈduːto ˈɛsseɾe seˈduto
131   Ladin sté senté ˈʃte sənˈte
76   Lithuanian sėdė́ti sʲeːˈdʲeːtʲɪ sʲeːˈdʲeːtɪ
95   Sorbian: Lower sejźeś ˈsejʑeɕ ˈsejʑeɕ
94   Sorbian: Upper sedźeć ˈsedʒɛtʃ ˈsedʒɛtʃ
80   Macedonian sedi седи ˈse̞di ˈsedi
88   Polish siedzieć ˈɕedʑetɕ ˈɕedʑetɕ
144   Portuguese estar sentado ɨʃˈtaɾ sẽˈtaðu ɨʃˈtaɾ sẽˈtadu
105   Norwegian: Bokmål sitte ˈsɪ̀tːə ˈsɪ̀tːɛ
97   Russian sidet' сидеть sʲɪˈdzʲetsʲ sʲiˈdʲetʲ
134   Sardinian: Logudoro sézzere ˈsɛttsɛrɛ ˈsɛttsɛrɛ
133   Sardinian: Nuoro sézzere ˈsɛttsɛrɛ ˈsɛttsɛrɛ
83   Serbo-Croat sjediti ˈsjɛ̌diti ˈsjěditi Ekavian variant: 'sedeti' /ˈsědeti/ [ˈsɛ̌dɛti].
91   Slovak sedieť ˈsɛɟiɛc ˈseɟiec
85   Slovene sedeti sɛˈdèːti sɛˈdèːti
143   Spanish estar sentado esˌtarsen̪ˈtaðo esˈtar senˈtado
109   Swedish sitta ˈsìtːa
99   Ukrainian sidìti сидіти sɪ̽ˈdʲitɪ̽ sɪˈditɪ
137   Walloon assîr aˈsiːʁ aˈsiːʁ
124   Latin sedēre seˈdeːre seˈdeːre sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum
78   Old Church Slavonic sěděti сѣдѣти sædæti sædæti
74   Latvian sēdēt ˈsɛːdɛːt sɛːdɛːt AF sež
77   Old Prussian syndens ptc., also sindats, sīdons
159   Gaelic: Scottish suidh suj (state)
121   Luxembourgish sëtzen ˈzətsən ˈzətsən
3   Tocharian A ṣmäṣ ṣmäṣ ≠ lmā- ʂmɨʂ ʂm-ʂ Root /lmā-/, alternating with /lamā-/ in the subj. and pret. and /lʲmā-/ in the pret.; suppletive pres. /ṣm(a)-/. Pres. widely taken to be from PIE *sed- with *m of nonpres. stem, but source of latter itself disputed.
4   Tocharian B ṣamäṃ ṣamäṃ ≠ ləma- ˈʂəmɨ̃ ʂəm-ˈə-n Root /ləma-/, alternating with /lama-/ in the subj. and /lʲəma-/ in the pret.; suppletive pres. /ṣəm-ə/e-/. Latter widely taken to be from PIE *sed- with *m of nonpres. stem, but source of latter itself disputed.
17   Armenian: Western nstel նստել nəsˈdɛl nisd-ɛ-l
16   Armenian: Eastern nstel նստել nəsˈtɛl nist-ɛ-l
158   Old Irish saidid ˈsˠaðʲɪðʲ ˈsaðʲəðʲ
15   Armenian: Classical nstim նստիմ nəsˈtim nist-i-m
160   Gaelic: Manx soie səi səi suidhe
148   Gaulish sed- Reconstructed form.
107   Elfdalian sittja ˈsɪ̀t͡ʃːɑ ˈsɪ̀t͡ʃːɑ Often: sittsa
108   Old Swedish sitia ˈsitja sitja
22   Pali nisīdati nɪsiːdɐtɪ nisiːdati
155   Middle Breton asezaff ? / bezaff asezet aˈseːðaṽ / ˈbeːðaṽ aˈseːðet The verb asazaff, attested in the Catholicon (1499)is usually glossed with French s'asseoir 'to sit down'. Intransitive 'to sit' can be found in "hag e asez a-n tu dechou da doue an tad" 'and he sits on the right side of God the father' (Stokes ed.: Middle Breton Hours p. 6). Triggered by translation? There is no verb 'to stand' either.
51   Wakhi nuzd nuzd AF nыst, stem nыzd, nəzd-, past nəyn-
90   Polabian sedĕ ˈsɛdɘ ˈsɛdɘ 3 sg.
89   Kashubian sedzec ˈsɛdzɛts ˈsedzets
55   Parthian nišīδēd nšydyd niʃiːðeːd niʃiːðeːd "sit, settle oneself", Past nšst /nišast-/
66   Middle Persian nišīyēd nšyyd nɪʃiːj- niʃiːjeːd Past nšst /nišast/; ZP nšst
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini drinit dɨrinit
67   Persian: Tehran nešastan نشستن neʃæstæn neʃæstæn
72   Ossetic: Iron badyn бадын ˈbɑdɘn bad-ən Past stem: batː-.
73   Ossetic: Digor badun бадун bɑdun bad-un Past stem: batː-.
147   Umbrian sersitu Native script: zeřef (pres.part.nom.sg.m., Ia 25, 33, 34). Latin script: sersitu (3.sg.imptv., VIb 41), serse (pres.part.nom.sg.m., VIa 2, 16; VIb 17, 22, 41 (3x)).
75   Latgalian sēdēt ˈsʲædʲætʲ sʲedʲetʲ
125   Romanian a şedea a ʃeˈde̯a a ʃeˈde̯a
53   Yaghnobi nīd- Participle nī́sta
12   Greek: Italiot kathénnō καθέννω kaˈθe̞nno̞ kaˈθe̞nno̞ Cal.; /kaˈidzo̞/ Ap.
14   Tsakonian: Propontis kasígkō κασίγκω kaˈsiŋɡo̞ kaˈsinko̞
142   Old Spanish seder, seyer, seer seˈdeɾ, seˈjeɾ, se.ˈeɾ
135   Anglo-Norman seer
157   Breton: Treger aseżã, aseż- (sit down), beżã aseżed, en e gwaseż (be sitting) aˈze̝ːã, aˈze̝ː-, ˈbe̝ːã aˈze̝ːët, n i ˈɡwaːze aˈze̝-ã, aˈze̝-, ˈbe̝-ã aˈze̝-ëd, n i ˈɡwaze
156   Breton: Gwened aseż, aseż-, boud aseżed äzej, äze-, bud äːzeət
151   Welsh: North ista ˈisda ˈisda formal eistedd /'eistedd'/
130   Friulian stâ sentât ˈsta senˈtaːt ˈstaː senˈtaːt
87   Old Polish siedzieć ˈɕɛdʑɛtɕ ˈɕedʑetɕ
150   Middle Welsh eisted eisteð
92   Old Czech seděti ˈsɛɟeci ˈsedjetji
96   Old Novgorod sěděti сѣдѣти sʲeˈdʲetʲi sʲeˈdʲetʲi
100   Rusyn sɪd′ítɪ sɘ̟ˈ(dʲ/ɟ)itɘ̟ sɪˈdʲitɪ
81   Macedonian: Suho s′ḁdìm sʲɐˈdʲim sæˈdim
82   Macedonian: Visoka s′ä̀d′a ˈsʲædʲɐ ˈsædja
86   Slovene: Kostel sedeti ˈse̝de̝t ˈse̝de̝t
84   Slovene: Early Modern ſedéti
128   Neapolitan stà assettato sta assətˈtatə sta assətˈtatə
139   Franco-Provençal étr' achtâ ˈetɾ aʃʷˈtɑ ˈetr aʃˈtɑ
123   German: Bernese sitze sɪtsə sɪtsə
138   Old Occitan asentar asentar (transitive); asseire (s'asseire: reflexive. To sit oneself down)
68   Bakhtiari nešastak neʃastak neʃastak
60   Hawrami nīštanara niʃtænæræ
48   Sogdian nīδt nyδt niːðt BS, CS nyd-
47   Khwarazmian nīϑeda nyθyd niːθeda
140   Old Catalan seure sɛwɾə sɛwɾə
63   Mazanderani nište niʃte
64   Balochi: Sistani nešta neʃtæ
62   Tati āništi aniʃti
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi dā anišıt dɑ æniʃɨt
58   Kurdish S.: Elami nīštıga niːʃtɘ̟ɡa
37   Gawarbati nišik نِشِک n̪iˈɕik niɕik GM niši-m'im
38   Khowar nišik نیشیک n̪iˈɕik niɕík
50   Pashto naast ناست naːst̪ naːst̪
70   Lari ani ≠ šas ani ≠ ʃas While present and past stems may have come from the same origin, there is no longer any shared phonological content between the two.
71   Kumzari tanya tɐnjɐ tɐnjɐ greatly reduced stem -ny- makes is hard to tell if it could be cognate with Persian nešin-
126   Megleno-Romanian şide̯ári
127   Dalmatian: Vegliote seduọr seˈduor or seˈdur An alternative form sentúr, indiscriminately used in this meaning, is a loanword from Ven. sentar.
119   Old High German sizzen ˈsit.tsen ˈsit.tsen
52   Sarikoli naleest nalɵst "nalïst < *ni-šasta-" (Morgenstierne 1974: 50)
113   Old Frisian sitta ˈsitta ˈsitta
120   Middle High German sitzen ˈsit.tsən ˈsit.tsən
111   Old English sittan ˈsittɑn ˈsittɑn
118   Old Saxon sittian ˈsit.tjan ˈsit.tjan
115   Middle Dutch sitten ˈzittən ˈzittən
102   Old Icelandic sitja ˈsitja ˈsitja
101   Gothic sitan 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 ˈsitan ˈsitan
152   Middle Cornish ysethe, setha əˈseðə, ˈseðə
153   Late Cornish sedha ˈseðə
145   Portuguese: Brazilian estar sentado
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki šil- šil- ʃil- ʃil-
39   Pashai: North-West niik aa نیک آه ˈniːkɑː niːk aː
40   Kamviri ǰ′e- dʒˈe- dʒˈe-
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern niš′e- niʃˈɛ̠- niʃˈɛ̠-
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi naš′e- nɨʃˈɛ̠- nɨʃˈɛ̠-
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm niše- niʃˈe- niʃˈe-
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh dā a-niš-ē dɑ æniʃeː
132   Milanese vès sedü vɛs seˈdy
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk sitte/sitje ˈsɪtçə ˈsɪtjɛ both common
References
  • Beekes, Robert: 376
    S.v. ἕζομαι 'to sit (down)', from IE *sed- 'sit down'. The form ἕζομαι is a thematic yod-present *sed-ie/o-, whereas ἵζω derives from reduplicated *si-sd-e/o-. Both are IE formations.
  • Cheung, Johnny: 125-126
    S.v. Proto-Iranian *had- 'to sit, be seated', from PIE *sed- (cf. Skt. sad- 'to sit', Gk. ἕζομαι, ἱζω, Lat. sīdō, OCS sěděti, Lith. sėdė́ti, Latv. sêdêt, Goth. sitan, Engl. sit, etc.). Note the Middle Persian, etc. forms have taken the preverb *ni- 'down'.
  • Derksen, Rick: 445
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *sěděti 'sit', from PIE *sed-eh₁- (cf. Lith. sėdė́ti, Lat. sedēre).
  • Derksen, Rick: 391
    S.v. Lith. sėdė́ti 'sit', from PIE *sed-eh₁- (cf. Lat. sedēre). NB: an example of Winter's Law.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 895-896
    S.v. OLith. sėdė́ti 'sitzen' (BSl. Latv. sêdêt 'sitzen', OPr. sindats 'sitzend', OCS sěděti 'sitzen', etc.), from PIE *sed- 'sich setzen' (cf. Ved. sad- 'sitzen', YAv. had- 'sich setzen', Gk. ἕζομαι 'setze mich', Arm nstim 'sitze', Lat. sedeō -ēre 'sitzen', OIr. saidid 'sitzt', Goth. sitan 'sitzen', etc.).
  • Kroonen, Guus: 434
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *set(j)an- 'to sit', from PIE *sed-ie-. Formally identical to Gk. ἕζομαι 'to sit (down)', Arm. nstim 'to sit' < *(ni-)sed-ie-. Cf. also Gk. ἵζω, Skt. sī́dati, OAv. hīšasat̰ (3.sg.des.) 'to sit' < si-sd-e-; Lat. sedeō, -ere 'to sit, be seated', OIr. saidid, 'to sit', MCo. hedhi, MBret. hezaff, 'to stop', < *sed-e-; Lith. sėdė́ti, Latv. sêdêt, OCS sěděti < *sed-eh₁-.
  • Malzahn, Melanie: 926-927
    S.v. TochAB ṣam- 'sitzen, bleiben', 'sit, remain'. To be derived from PIE *sed- (LIV² 513-514, without Tocharian); "root-final *-d- was bound to be lost by sound law, but the loss compensated by -m- taken over from the suppletive root läm- in order to regain a suitable root structure, according to G.-J. Pinault (p.c.)".
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 506
    S.v. Arm. nist 'seat, site, standing, situation, location, abode, base', from which nstim 'to sit, be seated, rest' is derived. To be connected with IE words belonging with *sed- 'to sit', (cf. nominal Skt. nīḍá- 'nest, lair, bird's nest', Lat. nīdus 'bird's nest, residence', OHG, OEngl. nest, etc. < *ni-sd-o-; verbal Gk. ἵζω, Skt. sī́dati, MPers. nišastan, etc.). It often assumed that Arm. verbal nist-, Skt. sī́dati, etc. reflect *ni- + reduplicated present *si-sd-. [For further discussion and references pertaining to the derivation of the Armenian forms, cf. the entry in Martirosyan.]
  • Matasović, Ranko: 325-326
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *sed-o- 'sit', derived from PIE *sed- 'sit' (cf. Skt. sī́dati, Lat. sedeō, Goth. sitjan, Lith. sė́sti, OCS sěsti).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: II:692-693
    S.v. Ved. √sad- 'sitzen', from PIE *sed- (cf. Gk. ἕζομαι, ἵζω 'sitze, setze mich', ἔδρα 'Sitz, Wohnsitz', Lat. sedēre, Goth. sitan, Lith. sėdė́ti, OCS sěděti, etc.).
  • Rix, Helmut: 513-515
    S.v. *sed- 'sich setzen' (IEW 884-887).
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley: 422
    S.v. 7467 Ved. níṣīdati 'sits down' RV. 2. *nisīdati. [√sad].
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 551-552
    S.v. Lat. sedeō, 'to sit, be seated', from Proto-Italic sed-ē- (cf. U. sersi 'seat', sersitu (3.sg.imptv.), <b>zeřef</b>, serse [pr.ptc.act., nom.sg.m.] 'to sit'), ultimately from PIE *sed-eh₁- 'to be seated' (cf. OIr. saidid, ·said 'to sit', MCo. hedhi MBret. hezaff 'to stop' < *sede/o-, OIr. síd 'peace', W hedd 'peace', Skt. pf. sasā́da 'to sit down, settle down', OPers. niyašādaya- 'to set down, establish', Gk. ἕζομαι 'to sit down', Lith. sėdė́ti, Latv. sêdêt, OCS sěděti, Goth. sitan 'to sit').