Cognate Set 44 – Meaning: four

IE-CoR reference form:
*kʷetu̯or-, *kʷ(e)tu̯r̥-, *kʷ(e)tur-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
The reflexes found in the individual languages reflect different generalised accent/ablaut classes of PIE *kʷetu̯or-, *kʷ(e)tu̯r̥-, *kʷ(e)tur- 'four'. For extensive discussion cf. Eichner 1982:298-382, cf. also Adams 2013:703, Beekes 2010:1471-1472, Martirosyan 2010:546-547, Orel 1998:173-174, EWAia I:526-527, ALEW 483-485, Derksen 2015:241, ESSJa 4:97-98, Derksen 2008:87, Kroonen 2013:133, de Vaan 2008:505-506, Matasović 2009:179.
Found in clades:
Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranic, Italic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 9 clades by 154 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
16   Albanian: Gheg katër
15   Armenian: Western čʿors չորս tʃʰɔɾs tʃʰɔɾs
14   Armenian: Eastern čʿors չորս tʃʰɔɾs tʃʰɔɾs
23   Bengali cār চার tʃar
77   Bulgarian četiri четири ˈtʃɛtʲiɾʲi ˈtʃetiri
96   Belarusian čatyry чатыры tʂɑ̈ˈtɨɾɨ tʂaˈtiri
140   Catalan quatre ˈkwatɾə ˈkwatɾə
91   Czech čtyři ˈtʃtɪr̝ɪ ˈtʃtir̝i
108   Danish fire ˈfiːʌ
114   Dutch vier vir
110   English four fɔː Old English fēower
102   Faroese fýra ˈfʊiːɹa
115   Flemish vier
135   French quatre katʁ̥ katʁ
112   Frisian fjouwer ˈfjɑ.uwər
120   German vier ˈfiːɐ ˈfiːʁ
8   Greek: Modern Std téssera τέσσερα ˈte̞se̞ra ˈte̞se̞ra (τέσσερα neut.)
27   Hindi cāra चार tʃɑɾ tʃɑɾ
101   Icelandic fjórir ˈfjouːrɪr
160   Gaelic: Irish ceathar ˈcʰæhəɾˠ ˈkʲahˠərˠ
127   Italian quattro ˈkwattro ˈkwattro
32   Kashmiri tsɔɔr ژور tsɔːr tsɔːr
129   Ladin cater ˈkatɛr
74   Lithuanian keturì kʲɛtʊˈrʲɪ kʲɛtʊˈrʲɪ
93   Sorbian: Lower styri ˈstɘ̟ɾʲi ˈstɘ̟rʲi
92   Sorbian: Upper štyri ˈʃtɘ̟ʁʲi ˈʃtɘ̟ʀi
78   Macedonian četiri четири ˈtʃe̞tiɾi ˈtʃetiri
31   Marathi cāra चार tsar
29   Nepali cāra चार tʃar
67   Persian: Tehran čahār چهار tʃʰæhɒːr t͜ʃahɒr
86   Polish cztery ˈtʂtɛɾɘ̟ ˈtʂterɨ
143   Portuguese quatro ˈkuatɾu ˈkuatɾu
103   Norwegian: Bokmål fire ˈfìːɾə ˈfìːrɛ
95   Russian četyre четыре tʃɪˈtɨɾʲɪ tʃeˈtirʲi
131   Sardinian: Nuoro cuátro ˈɣwattro ˈkwattro
81   Serbo-Croat četiri ˈtʂɛ̌tiɾi ˈtʂětiri
21   Sinhalese hatara හතර hatəɾʰə
89   Slovak štyri ˈʃtiɾi ˈʃtiri
83   Slovene štiri ˈʃtìːɾi ˈʃtìːri
142   Spanish cuatro ˈkwatɾo ˈkwatɾo
107   Swedish fyra ˈfỳːra
97   Ukrainian čotiri чотири tʂɔˈtɪɾɪ̽ tʂoˈtɪrɪ
49   Wakhi cabʉr tsabʉr
136   Walloon cwate ku̯at ku̯at
158   Gaelic: Scottish ceithir kʲehɪrʲ
3   Tocharian A śtwar ɕtwar ɕtwar
4   Tocharian B śtwer ɕtwer ɕəˈtwérə
122   Latin quattuor ˈkʷattwor ˈkʷattwor Indeclinable numeral.
119   Luxembourgish véier ˈfɜɪɐ ˈfɜɪɐ
72   Latvian četri ˈtʃɛtri tʃɛtri
76   Old Church Slavonic četyre чєтырє tʃɛtɯrɛ tʃetɯre
19   Vedic: Early catvā́raḥ चत्वारः tɕɐtˈʋaːɾɐh tɕatváːras
28   Urdu cār چار tʃɑɾ
24   Maithili cār चार tʃɑɾ
6   Greek: Ancient téttares τέτταρες tétːare̞s tétːare̞s Cf. Ion. τέσσερες, West Greek τέτορες, Homeric πίσυρες, Boeotian, Thessalian πέτταρες.
128   Friulian cuatri ˈkwatri ˈkwatri
157   Old Irish cethair kʲʰɛθˠærʲ ˈkʲeθərʲ
44   Avestan: Younger caϑβar 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 t͜ʃaθu̯ar Nom. pl. m., fem. cataŋrō, stem catur-
13   Armenian: Classical čʿors չորք tʃʰɔɾkʰ tʃʰɔɾ-i-kʰ
145   Oscan pettiur Native script: pettiur (Sa 17); Latin Script: petiropert (TB 15) petirupert (TB 14) as acc.pl.n. with postposition -pert.
146   Umbrian petur- Attested in Latin script peturpursus 'four-footed' (dat.pl., VIb 11) < *kʷetur-pōd- 'quadriped' (cf. Gr. τετράπους, Ved. cā́tuṣpad-, Lat. quadrupēs).
147   Gaulish petuar Attested in derivatives, e.g. petuar[ios] "fourth".
63   Ossetic: Iron cyppar цыппар sɘˈpːɑr səpːar
64   Ossetic: Digor cuppar цуппар tsʰupːɑr cupːar
17   Albanian: Standard katër Nor borrowed from Latin, cf. Klingenschmitt, Albanian numerals.
26   Bhojpuri chāri चारी tʃɑri
106   Old Swedish fiurir ˈfjuːrir fjuːrir
105   Elfdalian fyra ˈfỳːrɑ ˈfỳːrɑ Inflected: M&F fiuorer; N fiuorų
20   Pali catur tɕɐtʊɾ tɕatur
25   Magahi cār चार cɑr
5   Greek: Mycenaean qe-te-ro- 𐀤𐀳𐀫 kʷetero- kʷetero- Attested in compounds, e.g. qe-to-ro-po-pi 'with four feet' (Instrumental pl. in PY Ae 27.a, etc.), qe-to-ro-we 'with four ears' (adjective describing a vessel in PY Ta 641.2.2).
154   Middle Breton peuar, peuoar ˈpɛːvar peder (fem.)
47   Khotanese tcahora tsɐhɔːrɐ t͜sahora
7   Greek: New Testament téssares τέσσαρες ˈtesares ˈtesares > 30 attestations in the NT.
153   Old Breton petguar
88   Polabian citĕr ˈtsitɘr ˈtsitɘr
87   Kashubian sztërë ˈʃtʌɾɛ ˈʃtʌrʌ
66   Middle Persian čahār chʾr tʃaˈhɑːr t͜ʃahaːr ZP chʾl
54   Kurdish N.: Bahdini čar t͡ʃɑr
53   Parthian čafār cfʾr tʃaˈfɑːɾ t͜ʃafaːr
11   Greek: Cypriot tésseris τέσσερις ˈtɛsːɛris ˈtɛssɛris Masc. and fem.: τέσσερις, neut.: τέσσερα.
12   Greek: Italiot tésseroi τέσσεροι ˈte̞sse̞ri ˈte̞sse̞ri Cal.; /ˈte̞sari/ Ap.
51   Yaghnobi tufṓr tʰʊ̈̆ˈfoːr (tʰɪ̆ˈfoːr) western dialect
10   Greek: Pontic tessároi τεσσάροι te̞ˈsari te̞ˈsari also /te̞ˈseri/
9   Greek: Cappadocian téssera τέσσερα ˈtesera ˈtesera
73   Latgalian četri ˈtʃʲɛtri tʃʲetri
126   Neapolitan quatto ˈkwattə ˈkwattə
133   Old French catre
134   Anglo-Norman quatre
138   Franco-Provençal katro ˈcatɾɞ̞ ˈkatrɔ
141   Old Spanish cuatro ˈkwatɾo
123   Romanian patru ˈpatɾu ˈpatru
155   Breton: Gwened pwar, pider pwäɾ pwar is masculine, pider feminine
156   Breton: Treger pewar ˈpe̞ːwäɹ, ˈpe̝ːdëɹ ˈpewäɹ, ˈpe̝dëɹ m, peder f
150   Welsh: North pedwar ˈpɛdwar ˈpedwar fem., peda(i)r /ˈpeda(i)r/ [ˈpɛda(i)r]
159   Gaelic: Manx kiare kʲɛːr kʲɛːr ceathair
33   Palula čúur چور tɕuːɾ tɕúur
132   Sardinian: Logudoro báttoro ˈbattoro ˈbattoro
85   Old Polish cztyrzy ˈtʂtɨr̝ʲi ˈtʂtir̝i Many variant forms: 'cztery, czterzej, czterzy, cztyry, cztyrze, cztyrzej, cztyrzy'.
149   Middle Welsh pedwar pedwar
148   Old Welsh petguar pedwar
71   Kumzari čār t͡ʃaːɻ t͡ʃaːɻ
90   Old Czech čtyřie ˈtʃtɨr̝ʲe ˈtʃtir̝jeː
94   Old Novgorod četyre четыре tsʲɛˈtɯrʲɛ tsɛˈtɯrʲɛ
98   Rusyn čotώrɪ tʂɔˈtɯrɘ̟ tʂoˈtɯrɪ
79   Macedonian: Suho čètir ˈtʃe̞tʲiɾ ˈtʃetir
80   Macedonian: Visoka čètri ˈtʃe̞tɾʲi ˈtʃetri
84   Slovene: Kostel štiri ˈʃte̝ːɾe̝ ˈʃte̝ːre̝
82   Slovene: Early Modern ṡhtiri
52   Bactrian sofaro σοφαρο t͜sufaːr
121   German: Bernese vier fɪər fɪər
60   Tati čāhār t͡ʃahar
46   Sogdian čtfār ctfʾr tʃtfɑːɾ t͜ʃtfaːr
61   Mazanderani čār t͡ʃɒr
68   Bakhtiari čār t͡ʃɑɾ t͡ʃɑr
69   Delvari t͡ʃɒr t͡ʃɒr
70   Lari čār t͡ʃɒr
55   Kurdish C.: Jafi čʷār t͡ʃʷɑr
137   Old Occitan quatre
124   Megleno-Romanian pátru
18   Albanian: Arbëresh katër ˈkaːtəɾ
45   Khwarazmian cfār cfʾr t͜sfaːr Here and in other words stands for /ts/
139   Old Catalan quatre kwatɾə kwatɾə
36   Khowar čoor چور tɕɔːɾ̥ tɕɔ̀ɾ
35   Gawarbati tsur څُور tsuˑɾ tsur GM ċūr
48   Pashto ssalor څلور ˈt͡sa.lor t͡salor Roman transliteration uses 'ss' for the typical Pashto sound /t͡s/
58   Hawrami čwār t͡ʃwɑr
56   Kurdish S.: Elami čwār t͡ʃwɒɾ
59   Raji: Barzoki čạr t͡ʃa̠ˁɾ t͡ʃa̠ˁɾ
34   Gawri čōr چور tɕoˑɾ̥ tɕoːr H
117   Old High German fior fio̯r fio̯r
50   Sarikoli cavur t͡savuɾ
111   Old Frisian fiuwer ˈfjuwer ˈfjuwer
118   Middle High German vier fiə̯r fiə̯r
109   Old English fēower ˈfeːo̯wer ˈfeːo̯wer
116   Old Saxon fiuuuar ˈfiu̯war ˈfiu̯war
113   Middle Dutch vier viə̯r viə̯r
100   Old Icelandic fjórir ˈfjoːrir ˈfjoːrir
99   Gothic fidwor 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 ˈfiðwoːr ˈfidwoːr
30   Punjabi cār ਚਾਰ
151   Middle Cornish peswar ˈpezwər masculine; fem. peder [pedər]
152   Late Cornish padzhar, pager ˈpadʒər
104   Norwegian: Nynorsk fire ˈfiːʁə ˈfiːʁɛ
144   Portuguese: Brazilian quatro
43   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki čp′u tʃpˈu tʃpˈu
37   Pashai: North-West čor چور t͡ʃoˑɾ t͡ʃoːr
22   Assamese sāri চাৰি sɑɹi
38   Kamviri št′o ʃtˈo̞ ʃtˈo̞
39   Kâta-vari: Eastern štav′o štəw′o ʃtɨvˈo̞ ʃtɨvˈo̞
40   Kâta-vari: Ktivi štav′o ʃtɨβ̞ˈo̞ ʃtɨβ̞ˈo̞
41   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm čatâ tʃɐtˈa̞ tʃɐtˈa̞
42   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ ćât′âː tsatˈaː tsatˈaː
57   Kurdish S.: Qorveh čwār t͡ʃwɑr
130   Milanese quàtar ˈkwatar
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 703
    S.v. TochB śtwer 'four, which with TochA śtwar reflects Proto-Tocharian *ćätwerä < PIE *kʷetu̯ores (cf. Skt. catvā́ras, Av. čaθwārō, Arm. čorkʻ, Hom.Gk. τέσσαρες (cf. Att. τέτταρες), Lat. quattuor, OIr. cethair, Goth. fidwor, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, etc.).
  • Beekes, Robert: 1471-1472
    S.v. Gk. τέσσαρες 'four', from PIE *kʷetu(e)r-.
  • Derksen, Rick: 87
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *četyre 'four' (ESSJa IV 97-98), from PIE *kʷétur- (cf. Lith. keturì, Skt. catvā́ras, etc.).
  • Derksen, Rick: 241
    S.v. Lith. keturì 'four' (Latv. četri), from PIE *kʷétur- (cf. OCS četyre, Skt. catvā́ras).
  • Eichner, Heiner: 298-382
    Cf. discussion pp.298-382.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 483-485
    S.v. OLith. keturì, kẽturios 'vier' (BSl. cf. Latv. četri 'vier', OCS četyre 'vier', etc.), from PIE *kʷetu̯or-, *kʷ(e)tu̯r̥-, *kʷ(e)tur-.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 133
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *fedwar- 'four' < PIE *kʷét-uor-.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 546-547
    S.v. Arm. čʻor-kʻ 'four', from PIE *kʷetuores 'four' (cf. Skt. catvā́ras, YAv. caθβārō, TochA śtwar, B śtwer, Gk. τέσσαρες, Goth. fidwor, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, etc.)
  • Matasović, Ranko: 179
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores 'four', from PIE *kʷetu̯ores (cf. Skt. catvā́ras, Lat. quattuor, Gk. τέτταρες, Goth. fidwor, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, ToA śtwar, Arm. čorkʻ).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:526-527
    Cf. s.v. Ved. catvar- 'vier' (PIE *kʷétu̯or-es > Ved. nom.sg. catvā́ras)
  • Orel, Vladimir: 173-174
    S.v. Alb. katër 'four', from PIE *kʷetur- ~ *kʷetu̯er- 'four'.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 505-506
    S.v. Lat. quattuor, cf. entry for notes on peculiarities of the Latin form.