Cognate Set 44 – Meaning: four

IE-CoR reference form:
*kʷetu̯or-, *kʷ(e)tu̯r̥-, *kʷ(e)tur-
IE-CoR reference language:
Proto-Indo-European
Ideophonic:
no
Parallel derivation:
no
Justification:
The reflexes found in the individual languages reflect different generalised accent/ablaut classes of PIE *kʷetu̯or-, *kʷ(e)tu̯r̥-, *kʷ(e)tur- 'four'. For extensive discussion cf. Eichner 1982:298-382, cf. also Adams 2013:703, Beekes 2010:1471-1472, Martirosyan 2010:546-547, Orel 1998:173-174, EWAia I:526-527, ALEW 483-485, Derksen 2015:241, ESSJa 4:97-98, Derksen 2008:87, Kroonen 2013:133, de Vaan 2008:505-506, Matasović 2009:179.
Found in clades:
Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indic, Iranic, Italic, Nuristani, Slavic, Tocharian
Revised by:
Matthew Scarborough
Found in 12 clades by 155 lexemes.
Language Lexeme Native script Phonetic Phonemic Notes
18   Albanian: Gheg katër
17   Armenian: Western čʿors չորս tʃʰɔɾs tʃʰɔɾs
16   Armenian: Eastern čʿors չորս tʃʰɔɾs tʃʰɔɾs
25   Bengali cār চার tʃar
79   Bulgarian četiri четири ˈtʃɛtʲiɾʲi ˈtʃetiri
98   Belarusian čatyry чатыры tʂɑ̈ˈtɨɾɨ tʂaˈtiri
141   Catalan quatre ˈkwatɾə ˈkwatɾə
93   Czech čtyři ˈtʃtɪr̝ɪ ˈtʃtir̝i
110   Danish fire ˈfiːʌ
116   Dutch vier vir
112   English four fɔː Old English fēower
104   Faroese fýra ˈfʊiːɹa
117   Flemish vier
136   French quatre katʁ̥ katʁ
114   Frisian fjouwer ˈfjɑ.uwər
122   German vier ˈfiːɐ ˈfiːʁ
8   Greek: Modern Std téssera τέσσερα ˈte̞se̞ra ˈte̞se̞ra (τέσσερα neut.)
29   Hindi cāra चार tʃɑɾ tʃɑɾ
103   Icelandic fjórir ˈfjouːrɪr
161   Gaelic: Irish ceathar ˈcʰæhəɾˠ ˈkʲahˠərˠ
129   Italian quattro ˈkwattro ˈkwattro
34   Kashmiri tsɔɔr ژور tsɔːr tsɔːr
131   Ladin cater ˈkatɛr
76   Lithuanian keturì kʲɛtʊˈrʲɪ kʲɛtʊˈrʲɪ
95   Sorbian: Lower styri ˈstɘ̟ɾʲi ˈstɘ̟rʲi
94   Sorbian: Upper štyri ˈʃtɘ̟ʁʲi ˈʃtɘ̟ʀi
80   Macedonian četiri четири ˈtʃe̞tiɾi ˈtʃetiri
33   Marathi cāra चार tsar
31   Nepali cāra चार tʃar
67   Persian: Tehran čahār چهار tʃʰæhɒːr t͜ʃahɒr
88   Polish cztery ˈtʂtɛɾɘ̟ ˈtʂterɨ
144   Portuguese quatro ˈkuatɾu ˈkuatɾu
105   Norwegian: Bokmål fire ˈfìːɾə ˈfìːrɛ
97   Russian četyre четыре tʃɪˈtɨɾʲɪ tʃeˈtirʲi
133   Sardinian: Nuoro cuátro ˈɣwattro ˈkwattro
83   Serbo-Croat četiri ˈtʂɛ̌tiɾi ˈtʂětiri
23   Sinhalese hatara හතර hatəɾʰə
91   Slovak štyri ˈʃtiɾi ˈʃtiri
85   Slovene štiri ˈʃtìːɾi ˈʃtìːri
143   Spanish cuatro ˈkwatɾo ˈkwatɾo
109   Swedish fyra ˈfỳːra
99   Ukrainian čotiri чотири tʂɔˈtɪɾɪ̽ tʂoˈtɪrɪ
51   Wakhi cabʉr tsabʉr
137   Walloon cwate ku̯at ku̯at
159   Gaelic: Scottish ceithir kʲehɪrʲ
3   Tocharian A śtwar ɕtwar ɕtwar
4   Tocharian B śtwer ɕtwer ɕəˈtwérə
124   Latin quattuor ˈkʷattwor ˈkʷattwor Indeclinable numeral.
121   Luxembourgish véier ˈfɜɪɐ ˈfɜɪɐ
74   Latvian četri ˈtʃɛtri tʃɛtri
78   Old Church Slavonic četyre чєтырє tʃɛtɯrɛ tʃetɯre
21   Vedic: Early catvā́raḥ चत्वारः tɕɐtˈʋaːɾɐh tɕatváːras
30   Urdu cār چار tʃɑɾ
26   Maithili cār चार tʃɑɾ
6   Greek: Ancient téttares τέτταρες tétːare̞s tétːare̞s Cf. Ion. τέσσερες, West Greek τέτορες, Homeric πίσυρες, Boeotian, Thessalian πέτταρες.
130   Friulian cuatri ˈkwatri ˈkwatri
158   Old Irish cethair kʲʰɛθˠærʲ ˈkʲeθərʲ
46   Avestan: Younger caϑβar 𐬗𐬀𐬚𐬡𐬀𐬭 t͜ʃaθu̯ar Nom. pl. m., fem. cataŋrō, stem catur-
15   Armenian: Classical čʿors չորք tʃʰɔɾkʰ tʃʰɔɾ-i-kʰ
146   Oscan pettiur Native script: pettiur (Sa 17); Latin Script: petiropert (TB 15) petirupert (TB 14) as acc.pl.n. with postposition -pert.
147   Umbrian petur- Attested in Latin script peturpursus 'four-footed' (dat.pl., VIb 11) < *kʷetur-pōd- 'quadriped' (cf. Gr. τετράπους, Ved. cā́tuṣpad-, Lat. quadrupēs).
148   Gaulish petuar Attested in derivatives, e.g. petuar[ios] "fourth".
72   Ossetic: Iron cyppar цыппар sɘˈpːɑr səpːar
73   Ossetic: Digor cuppar цуппар tsʰupːɑr cupːar
19   Albanian: Standard katër Nor borrowed from Latin, cf. Klingenschmitt, Albanian numerals.
28   Bhojpuri chāri चारी tʃɑri
108   Old Swedish fiurir ˈfjuːrir fjuːrir
107   Elfdalian fyra ˈfỳːrɑ ˈfỳːrɑ Inflected: M&F fiuorer; N fiuorų
22   Pali catur tɕɐtʊɾ tɕatur
27   Magahi cār चार cɑr
5   Greek: Mycenaean qe-te-ro- 𐀤𐀳𐀫 kʷetero- kʷetero- Attested in compounds, e.g. qe-to-ro-po-pi 'with four feet' (Instrumental pl. in PY Ae 27.a, etc.), qe-to-ro-we 'with four ears' (adjective describing a vessel in PY Ta 641.2.2).
155   Middle Breton peuar, peuoar ˈpɛːvar peder (fem.)
49   Khotanese tcahora tsɐhɔːrɐ t͜sahora
7   Greek: New Testament téssares τέσσαρες ˈtesares ˈtesares > 30 attestations in the NT.
154   Old Breton petguar
90   Polabian citĕr ˈtsitɘr ˈtsitɘr
89   Kashubian sztërë ˈʃtʌɾɛ ˈʃtʌrʌ
66   Middle Persian čahār chʾr tʃaˈhɑːr t͜ʃahaːr ZP chʾl
56   Kurdish N.: Bahdini čar t͡ʃɑr
55   Parthian čafār cfʾr tʃaˈfɑːɾ t͜ʃafaːr
11   Greek: Cypriot tésseris τέσσερις ˈtɛsːɛris ˈtɛssɛris Masc. and fem.: τέσσερις, neut.: τέσσερα.
13   Tsakonian: Peloponnese tésseroi τέσσεροι ˈte̞se̞ri ˈte̞se̞ri /ˈte̞se̞ru/ NPT
14   Tsakonian: Propontis téssero τέσσερο ˈte̞se̞ro̞ ˈte̞se̞ro̞
12   Greek: Italiot tésseroi τέσσεροι ˈte̞sse̞ri ˈte̞sse̞ri Cal.; /ˈte̞sari/ Ap.
53   Yaghnobi tufṓr tʰʊ̈̆ˈfoːr (tʰɪ̆ˈfoːr) western dialect
10   Greek: Pontic tessároi τεσσάροι te̞ˈsari te̞ˈsari also /te̞ˈseri/
9   Greek: Cappadocian téssera τέσσερα ˈtesera ˈtesera
75   Latgalian četri ˈtʃʲɛtri tʃʲetri
128   Neapolitan quatto ˈkwattə ˈkwattə
135   Anglo-Norman quatre
139   Franco-Provençal katro ˈcatɾɞ̞ ˈkatrɔ
142   Old Spanish cuatro ˈkwatɾo
125   Romanian patru ˈpatɾu ˈpatru
156   Breton: Gwened pwar, pider pwäɾ pwar is masculine, pider feminine
157   Breton: Treger pewar ˈpe̞ːwäɹ, ˈpe̝ːdëɹ ˈpewäɹ, ˈpe̝dëɹ m, peder f
151   Welsh: North pedwar ˈpɛdwar ˈpedwar fem., peda(i)r /ˈpeda(i)r/ [ˈpɛda(i)r]
160   Gaelic: Manx kiare kʲɛːr kʲɛːr ceathair
35   Palula čúur چور tɕuːɾ tɕúur
134   Sardinian: Logudoro báttoro ˈbattoro ˈbattoro
87   Old Polish cztyrzy ˈtʂtɨr̝ʲi ˈtʂtir̝i Many variant forms: 'cztery, czterzej, czterzy, cztyry, cztyrze, cztyrzej, cztyrzy'.
150   Middle Welsh pedwar pedwar
149   Old Welsh petguar pedwar
71   Kumzari čār t͡ʃaːɻ t͡ʃaːɻ
92   Old Czech čtyřie ˈtʃtɨr̝ʲe ˈtʃtir̝jeː
96   Old Novgorod četyre четыре tsʲɛˈtɯrʲɛ tsɛˈtɯrʲɛ
100   Rusyn čotώrɪ tʂɔˈtɯrɘ̟ tʂoˈtɯrɪ
81   Macedonian: Suho čètir ˈtʃe̞tʲiɾ ˈtʃetir
82   Macedonian: Visoka čètri ˈtʃe̞tɾʲi ˈtʃetri
86   Slovene: Kostel štiri ˈʃte̝ːɾe̝ ˈʃte̝ːre̝
84   Slovene: Early Modern ṡhtiri
54   Bactrian sofaro σοφαρο t͜sufaːr
123   German: Bernese vier fɪər fɪər
62   Tati čāhār t͡ʃahar
48   Sogdian čtfār ctfʾr tʃtfɑːɾ t͜ʃtfaːr
63   Mazanderani čār t͡ʃɒr
68   Bakhtiari čār t͡ʃɑɾ t͡ʃɑr
69   Delvari t͡ʃɒr t͡ʃɒr
70   Lari čār t͡ʃɒr
57   Kurdish C.: Jafi čʷār t͡ʃʷɑr
138   Old Occitan quatre
126   Megleno-Romanian pátru
20   Albanian: Arbëresh katër ˈkaːtəɾ
47   Khwarazmian cfār cfʾr t͜sfaːr Here and in other words stands for /ts/
140   Old Catalan quatre kwatɾə kwatɾə
38   Khowar čoor چور tɕɔːɾ̥ tɕɔ̀ɾ
37   Gawarbati tsur څُور tsuˑɾ tsur GM ċūr
50   Pashto ssalor څلور ˈt͡sa.lor t͡salor Roman transliteration uses 'ss' for the typical Pashto sound /t͡s/
60   Hawrami čwār t͡ʃwɑr
58   Kurdish S.: Elami čwār t͡ʃwɒɾ
61   Raji: Barzoki čạr t͡ʃa̠ˁɾ t͡ʃa̠ˁɾ
36   Gawri čōr چور tɕoˑɾ̥ tɕoːr H
119   Old High German fior fio̯r fio̯r
52   Sarikoli cavur t͡savuɾ
113   Old Frisian fiuwer ˈfjuwer ˈfjuwer
120   Middle High German vier fiə̯r fiə̯r
111   Old English fēower ˈfeːo̯wer ˈfeːo̯wer
118   Old Saxon fiuuuar ˈfiu̯war ˈfiu̯war
115   Middle Dutch vier viə̯r viə̯r
102   Old Icelandic fjórir ˈfjoːrir ˈfjoːrir
101   Gothic fidwor 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 ˈfiðwoːr ˈfidwoːr
32   Punjabi cār ਚਾਰ
152   Middle Cornish peswar ˈpezwər masculine; fem. peder [pedər]
153   Late Cornish padzhar, pager ˈpadʒər
106   Norwegian: Nynorsk fire ˈfiːʁə ˈfiːʁɛ
145   Portuguese: Brazilian quatro
45   Vâsi-vari: Paṣki čp′u tʃpˈu tʃpˈu
39   Pashai: North-West čor چور t͡ʃoˑɾ t͡ʃoːr
24   Assamese sāri চাৰি sɑɹi
40   Kamviri št′o ʃtˈo̞ ʃtˈo̞
41   Kâta-vari: Eastern štav′o štəw′o ʃtɨvˈo̞ ʃtɨvˈo̞
42   Kâta-vari: Ktivi štav′o ʃtɨβ̞ˈo̞ ʃtɨβ̞ˈo̞
43   Kalaṣa-alâ: Nišeigrâm čatâ tʃɐtˈa̞ tʃɐtˈa̞
44   Saṇu-viri: Wâmâ ćât′âː tsatˈaː tsatˈaː
59   Kurdish S.: Qorveh čwār t͡ʃwɑr
132   Milanese quàtar ˈkwatar
References
  • Adams, Douglas Q.: 703
    S.v. TochB śtwer 'four, which with TochA śtwar reflects Proto-Tocharian *ćätwerä < PIE *kʷetu̯ores (cf. Skt. catvā́ras, Av. čaθwārō, Arm. čorkʻ, Hom.Gk. τέσσαρες (cf. Att. τέτταρες), Lat. quattuor, OIr. cethair, Goth. fidwor, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, etc.).
  • Beekes, Robert: 1471-1472
    S.v. Gk. τέσσαρες 'four', from PIE *kʷetu(e)r-.
  • Derksen, Rick: 87
    S.v. Proto-Slavic *četyre 'four' (ESSJa IV 97-98), from PIE *kʷétur- (cf. Lith. keturì, Skt. catvā́ras, etc.).
  • Derksen, Rick: 241
    S.v. Lith. keturì 'four' (Latv. četri), from PIE *kʷétur- (cf. OCS četyre, Skt. catvā́ras).
  • Eichner, Heiner: 298-382
    Cf. discussion pp.298-382.
  • Hock, Wolfgang and Fecht, Rainer and Feulner, Anna Helene and Hill, Eugen and Wodtko, Dagmar S.: 483-485
    S.v. OLith. keturì, kẽturios 'vier' (BSl. cf. Latv. četri 'vier', OCS četyre 'vier', etc.), from PIE *kʷetu̯or-, *kʷ(e)tu̯r̥-, *kʷ(e)tur-.
  • Kroonen, Guus: 133
    S.v. Proto-Germanic *fedwar- 'four' < PIE *kʷét-uor-.
  • Martirosyan, Hrach: 546-547
    S.v. Arm. čʻor-kʻ 'four', from PIE *kʷetuores 'four' (cf. Skt. catvā́ras, YAv. caθβārō, TochA śtwar, B śtwer, Gk. τέσσαρες, Goth. fidwor, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, etc.)
  • Matasović, Ranko: 179
    S.v. Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores 'four', from PIE *kʷetu̯ores (cf. Skt. catvā́ras, Lat. quattuor, Gk. τέτταρες, Goth. fidwor, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre, ToA śtwar, Arm. čorkʻ).
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred: I:526-527
    Cf. s.v. Ved. catvar- 'vier' (PIE *kʷétu̯or-es > Ved. nom.sg. catvā́ras)
  • Orel, Vladimir: 173-174
    S.v. Alb. katër 'four', from PIE *kʷetur- ~ *kʷetu̯er- 'four'.
  • de Vaan, Michiel: 505-506
    S.v. Lat. quattuor, cf. entry for notes on peculiarities of the Latin form.